UMYU Scientifica is a peer-reviewed, open-access journal that publishes regular research and review articles covering a wide range of subjects in the physical, environmental, and life sciences. UMYU Scientifica aims to promote the dissemination of scientific research progress within the Nigerian scientific community and beyond. The journal has the following major thematic subject areas: Agricultural Sciences and Biotechnology, Biochemistry, Botany, Chemistry, Computer Science, Geography, Geology, Mathematics, Microbiology, Physics, Statistics, and Zoology. The journal is published by the Faculty of Natural and Applied Sciences, Umaru Musa Yar’adua University, Katsina, Nigeria.
Umaru Musa Yar'adua University Katsina, NG
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A Preliminary Evaluation of a Depth-Weighted Geoelectrical Vulnerability Index for Basement Aquifer at Federal University of Health Sciences, Ila-Orangun
Assessing intrinsic groundwater vulnerability in crystalline basement terrains remains challenging because conventional vulnerability approaches often fail to account for the vertical distribution of the protective subsurface layer. This study presents a depth-weighted geoelectric vulnerability index (DWGVI) designed to incorporate the depth-dependent effectiveness of protective layers in basement aquifer systems. Electrical resistivity data from thirty vertical electrical sounding (VES) points were quantitatively interpreted to derive layer resistivity and thickness parameters. The DWGVI was formulated using the depth-weighted Dar Zarrouk principle, while longitudinal conductance (S) was computed as a conventional indicator of aquifer protective capacity for comparison. Results reveal a multilayered basement aquifer system characterized by thin overburden and shallow fractured bedrock. Longitudinal conductance values ranged from 0.0155 to 0.1439 S, indicating predominantly weak to moderate protective capacity, whereas DWGVI values varied between 0.00744 and 0.06829 S/m. Following normalization, the derived vulnerability index delineated zones of very low, low, moderate, high and very high intrinsic vulnerability across the study area. Pearson correlation analysis revealed a statistically significant moderate positive relationship between DWGVI and longitudinal conductance (<!-- [if gte msEquation 12]><m:oMath><m:r><m:rPr><m:scr m:val="roman"/><m:sty m:val="p"/></m:rPr>r=0.607</m:r></m:oMath><![endif]--> <span style="font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 107%; font-family: 'Calibri',sans-serif; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; position: relative; top: 3.0pt; mso-text-raise: -3.0pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;"><!-- [if gte vml 1]><v:shapetype id="_x0000_t75" coordsize="21600,21600" o:spt="75" o:preferrelative="t" path="m@4@5l@4@11@9@11@9@5xe" filled="f" stroked="f"> <v:stroke joinstyle="miter"/> <v:formulas> <v:f eqn="if lineDrawn pixelLineWidth 0"/> <v:f eqn="sum @0 1 0"/> <v:f eqn="sum 0 0 @1"/> <v:f eqn="prod @2 1 2"/> <v:f eqn="prod @3 21600 pixelWidth"/> <v:f eqn="prod @3 21600 pixelHeight"/> <v:f eqn="sum @0 0 1"/> <v:f eqn="prod @6 1 2"/> <v:f eqn="prod @7 21600 pixelWidth"/> <v:f eqn="sum @8 21600 0"/> <v:f eqn="prod @7 21600 pixelHeight"/> <v:f eqn="sum @10 21600 0"/> </v:formulas> <v:path o:extrusionok="f" gradientshapeok="t" o:connecttype="rect"/> <o:lock v:ext="edit" aspectratio="t"/> </v:shapetype><v:shape id="_x0000_i1025" type="#_x0000_t75" style='width:43.5pt; height:13.5pt'> <v:imagedata src="file:///C:/Users/USER/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image001.png" o:title="" chromakey="white"/> </v:shape><![endif]--> <!-- [if gte msEquation 12]><m:oMath><m:r><m:rPr><m:scr m:val="roman"/><m:sty m:val="p"/></m:rPr>ρ=0.00038</m:r></m:oMath><![endif]--> <span style="font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 107%; font-family: 'Calibri',sans-serif; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; position: relative; top: 3.0pt; mso-text-raise: -3.0pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;"><!-- [if gte vml 1]><v:shape id="_x0000_i1025" type="#_x0000_t75" style='width:56.25pt;height:13.5pt'> <v:imagedata src="file:///C:/Users/USER/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image003.png" o:title="" chromakey="white"/> </v:shape><![endif]--> ), while Spearman’s rank correlation indicated a stronger monotonic association (<!-- [if gte msEquation 12]><m:oMath><m:r><m:rPr><m:scr m:val="roman"/><m:sty m:val="p"/></m:rPr>ρ=0.740,</m:r></m:oMath><![endif]--> <span style="font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 107%; font-family: 'Calibri',sans-serif; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; position: relative; top: 3.0pt; mso-text-raise: -3.0pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;"><!-- [if gte vml 1]><v:shape id="_x0000_i1025" type="#_x0000_t75" style='width:46.5pt;height:13.5pt'> <v:imagedata src="file:///C:/Users/USER/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image005.png" o:title="" chromakey="white"/> </v:shape><![endif]--> <!-- [if gte msEquation 12]><m:oMath><m:r><m:rPr><m:scr m:val="roman"/><m:sty m:val="p"/></m:rPr>ρ=0.001</m:r></m:oMath><![endif]--> <span style="font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 107%; font-family: 'Calibri',sans-serif; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; position: relative; top: 3.0pt; mso-text-raise: -3.0pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;"><!-- [if gte vml 1]><v:shape id="_x0000_i1025" type="#_x0000_t75" style='width:45pt;height:13.5pt'> <v:imagedata src="file:///C:/Users/USER/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image007.png" o:title="" chromakey="white"/> </v:shape><![endif]--> ), suggesting that both indices respond similarly to variations in subsurface resistivity and thickness. However, because the proposed index has not been independently validated using hydrochemical or borehole datasets, its wider applicability requires further investigation in other crystalline basements. The findings demonstrate that incorporating depth-weighting significantly can improve the hydrogeological realism of geoelectrical vulnerability assessment in basement terrains.
Copyright (c) 2026 Warith Adewale Adebisi, Saminu Olatunji, Hussain Olanrewaju Abubakar (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Chalcogen Vacancy Engineering in 1T-TiS₂, 1T-TiSe₂ and 1T-TiTe₂ Monolayers for Enhanced HER Activity: A DFT Study
Electrocatalytic water splitting offers a sustainable pathway for green hydrogen production, yet its widespread adoption requires low-cost and earth-abundant alternatives to platinum-group metal catalysts. Herein, we present a systematic density functional theory (DFT) study of chalcogen vacancy engineering on the catalytic performance of 1T-TiX₂ (X = S, Se, Te) monolayers in hydrogen evolution reaction (HER). Our calculations reveal that pristine 1T-TiX₂ surfaces exhibit poor hydrogen adsorption, with 1T-TiS₂ lying on the strong-binding side, while 1T-TiSe₂ and 1T-TiTe₂ reside on the weak-binding side of the volcano curve, explaining their unfavourable catalytic activity. The introduction of single chalcogen vacancies dramatically shifts all systems toward the volcano apex, with defective 1T-TiS₂ achieving a near-thermoneutral Gibbs free energy of hydrogen adsorption (ΔGH*) of -0.08 eV, thermodynamically comparable to the benchmark Pt (111) value (-0.09 eV). This promising computational result requires experimental validation. Defect formation energies are positive for all systems (3.53 eV, 2.73 eV, and 2.12 eV for S, Se, and Te vacancies, respectively), indicating thermodynamic stability of the vacancy configurations under computational chemical-potential conditions. Electronic structure analysis further demonstrates that vacancy-induced metallization generates prominent states at the Fermi level, thereby enhancing charge-transfer kinetics. Notably, 1T-TiS₂ undergoes a semimetallic to metallic transition upon S-vacancy creation, whereas 1T-TiSe₂ and 1T-TiTe₂ show moderate electronic enhancement. This work establishes chalcogen-vacancy engineering as a universal strategy for activating the 1T-TiX₂ basal planes. It identifies defective 1T-TiS₂ as the most promising, cost-effective, and non-precious HER catalyst within the 1T-TiX₂ family, providing design principles for next-generation sustainable hydrogen production technologies.
Copyright (c) 2026 Shamsuddeen Sani Alhassan, Mahmud Abdulsalam, Abdullahi Tanimu, Ibrahim Muhammad Bagudo (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Substituent Effect on Absorption Spectra of 8-Amino-2-Hydroxyl –Napthalene- 1,6 –Disulphonic Acid-1,3,4, Thiadiazole
Dyes are colored substances that bind chemically with fibers, becoming a part of the materials on which it is applied. Dyes are used in various fields, including printing systems, textile applications, and photoelectronic applications. Thiadiazoles are found in various structures and possess biological activity and clear importance in the pharmaceutical and industrial fields. This research centred on the substituent effect on the Absorption spectra of 8-amino-2-hydroxynaphthalene-1,6-disulphonic acid-1,3,4-thiadiazole. Four different dyes derived from the diazotization of 2-aminothiadiazole as the diazo component with R-acid, H-acid, Tobias acid and BON acid as the coupling components were synthesized. The identities of these dyes were investigated using spectroscopic techniques such as FT-IR, UV-Visible spectroscopy, and melting point measurements, with melting points ranging from 158 °C and absorption within the UV-Visible region of the electromagnetic spectrum, ranging from 360 to 480 nm. The FT-IR spectroscopy of the synthesized dyes confirms the presence of functional groups, including 3365.8 (NH/OH), 1513.3 (N=N), 1632.8 (C=N), and 1278.5 (C-S), at characteristic vibrational frequencies. The synthesized dyes yielded orange, pink, purple, and pale brown shades and exhibited very good to excellent wash fastness (4-5) and light fastness (7-8) on dyed nylon 6,6. Different substituents at various positions have been confirmed to result in shifts in the absorption maxima and changes in the intensity of absorption bands, highlighting the importance of understanding the electronics structure of the molecule for tailoring its optical properties.
Copyright (c) 2026 Omotola, M. B., Obadahun, J., Agho, O. B., Alani, S. O., Kinchai, E., Etafiemor Jacob, Bakare, M. A., Onikosi, B. O., Jessica Yahaya Bulus, Anate E Habeeb (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
An Explainable Fuzzy-Logic Framework for Personalized Password Recommendation and Context-Aware Strength Assessment
Authentication remains an important problem due to the "Usability-Security Paradox". In an attempt to create a secure system with a challenging procedure, users' interest decreases, and vulnerabilities increase. Machine learning (ML) techniques have improved in accuracy in the digital age. This paper presents an explainable type-1 Mamdani Fuzzy Inference System (MFS), known as FuzzyGuard, developed for context-aware strength assessment and personalization recommendation. The study enables mapping a vague idea of password strength to an overlapping fuzzy set, using features such as length and complexity, enabling excellent, linguistically interpretable feedback. It incorporates a partly stochastic recommendation algorithm based on "Cognitive Anchors," using slices of data from the user's profile to generate high-entropy passwords that are cognitively aligned with the user's memory. Which was developed using the Django-JavaScript architecture and tested through computational testing and a user study (N = 51). The results showed that FuzzyGuard was 100% efficient and had an 86.3% satisfaction rate, with 94.1% of users certifying that they remember the fuzzy string better than the standard random string. The comparative study showed that FuzzyGuard is more interpretable and personalized than current deep learning and ensemble models. This study demonstrates that the fuzzy-logic framework is effective in bridging the gap between security and usability, offering clear, human-centred direction and setting a new standard for proactive, personalized authentication security.
Copyright (c) 2026 Alaba Olusesi Adejimi, Daniel Dauda Wisdom, Ayobami Emmanuel Mesioye, O Fagbemiro (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Effects of Industrial Coconut Oil Effluent on Vascular Tissue Structure of Corchorus olitorius
This study was carried out at different concentrations (0, 20, 40, 60, 80, and 100%) of industrial coconut oil effluent in the vascular tissues of Corchorus olitorius. The experiment was conducted in a screened house and arranged in a completely randomized block design in five replications. The results obtained on transverse sections of leaves, stems, and roots, and on the photochemical properties of the plant tissues irrigated with different concentrations of the ICE and control, were analysed at two-week intervals for four months. Generally, the comparative study of the effect of coconut oil industrial effluent on the leaves of Corchorus olitorius at different concentrations is shown. The epidermis was distorted in treatments with ICE concentrations of 60% or higher. However, other vital tissues, such as cambium, phloem, and pith, were present in all treatments. Moreover, a quantitative study showed that the different treatment concentrations affected the number of xylem cells. The distribution of tissues in the transverse section of C. olitorius leaves was summarized in this work. The xylem vessels of the 0% (control) treatment were 6 -7 cells long, while those of treatments with 20% and 40% were 5 – 6 cells long; 60% and 80% had lower values, while the 100% treatment had no discernible xylem tissue. There was a dose-dependent decrease in vessel diameter (µ) with the highest number detected in 0% (control), followed by 40%, 20% and 60%, while 80% was the least; treatment 100% ICE had no record of vessel diameter.
Copyright (c) 2026 Vawanje Bitrus Kwaya, Mari Ali Murma, Adoyi Micheal Paul (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Antibiotic Susceptibility Pattern of Salmonella Enterica Serovar Typhi Isolated from Suspected Typhoid Fever Cases in General Hospital Minna
Background: Salmonella enterica subspecies enterica serovar Typhi, especially resistant strains, remains a major cause of typhoid fever, causing significant morbidity, mortality, and economic loss in poor, developing countries. This study investigated the antibiotic susceptibility patterns of S. Typhi isolated from stool samples of suspected typhoid fever patients at the General Hospital, Minna. Methods: Stool samples were collected from three hundred (300) suspected typhoid fever patients, and cultured for the detection of S. Typhi using standard microbiological techniques. The isolates were identified using relevant biochemical tests, and antibiotic susceptibility testing was performed using the Kirby-Bauer disk diffusion method. The susceptibility results were interpreted according to the CLSI standard, and isolates with a Multiple Antibiotic Resistant Index (MARI)> 0.7 were identified using molecular techniques. Similarly, ESBL production was investigated using the double-disk synergy test (DDST). Result: Overall, 17 (5.6%) stool samples were culture-positive for Salmonella Typhi. The isolates showed variable resistance to the antibiotics examined: ciprofloxacin (76.5%), cefotaxime (64.7%), ceftriaxone (58.8%), azithromycin (58.8%), levofloxacin (52.9%), and the least resistance (23.5%) to pefloxacin. Overall, 82.4% of the S. Typhi isolates were resistant to multiple antibiotics, with a multiple-antibiotic resistance index ranging from 0.3 to 0.9. Both isolates with ≥ 0.7 MARI were identified as Salmonella enterica with ≥ 99% per identity. Further results analysis revealed that none of the Salmonella Typhi produce ESBL phenotypically. These results underscore the endemicity of Typhoid fever in the study area and the need for a laboratory-guided diagnosis prior to antibiotic prescription to address the increasing resistance to potent, cheap antibiotics.
Copyright (c) 2026 Umar Dass Maryam, Nasiru Usman Adabara, Oladunni A Amuda, Abdulameen Saheed Adedeji, Alice Awukun Innocent, Abbati Muhammed Mahdi, Khadija Auwal (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
A Deterministic Model of Cholera Transmission with Vaccination, Environmental Reservoirs, and Vector Dynamics
This research develops an extended deterministic model to investigate the transmission dynamics of cholera by incorporating three critical components: vaccinated human population, an exposed human compartment, and vector recruitment, which was modelled using logistic growth that contributes to environmental contamination. The model was analyzed by examining the stability of its equilibrium points. The analysis shows that the basic reproduction number, R0, controls disease dynamics. It is shown that the disease-free equilibrium is locally asymptotically stable when R0 < 1 and unstable when R0 > 1, leading to endemic persistence. In an attempt to examine the effect of some parameters on disease dynamic, parameter estimation was performed using available epidemiological data, and model validation was conducted using root mean square error (RMSE) and coefficient of determination (R2); sensitivity analysis was employed using Partial Rank Correlation Coefficients (PRCC), revealing that transmission rates and environmental contamination parameters significantly influence disease spread. Finally, numerical simulations are also performed to verify the analytic results. Analytical results show that the combined effects of vaccination coverage, environmental contamination, and vector density strongly influence cholera transmission. Although increasing vaccination reduces transmission, the presence of reinfection and environmental reservoirs may sustain the disease even when the reproduction number is close to unity. Numerical simulations are performed to support the theoretical findings and to illustrate the impact of key parameters on disease dynamics. Generally, this research highlights the importance of integrating control strategies, including vaccination, access to clean water, proper sanitation, vector control, and early treatment, to achieve effective and sustainable cholera control in endemic settings.
Copyright (c) 2026 Abdullahi Ahmed, Adamu Ishaku, Ahmadu Muhammad Bappah, Ayuba Sanda (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Bioautographic Profile of Ziziphus mauritiana Ethanolic Leaf Extract on Escherichia coli from Ready-to-Eat Foods Within Katsina Metropolis
The current study aimed to detect the presence of Escherichia coli in ready-to-eat (RTE) foods sold in Katsina Metropolis and to assess the bioautographic profile of Ziziphus mauritiana ethanolic leaf extract against the isolates using culture and molecular-dependent techniques. A total of 50 food samples were collected randomly from 5 locations: Kofar Durbi, Kofar Marusa, Kofar Sauri, Kofar Guga, and Kofar Kwaya, including fried rice, jollof rice, boiled spaghetti, boiled yam, rice and beans, salad, moi moi, and jollof spaghetti. These samples were sent to the Microbiology Laboratory at Umaru Musa Yar'adua University for physico-chemical and microbiological analysis. The pH ranged from 6.7 to 7.2, and the temperature ranged from 28°C to 30.3°C, while the coliform count was variable, with the highest recorded in Kofar Sauri (1.26 ± 0.99 MPN). The level of E. coli ranged from 3.0 × 10-1 to 3.6 × 102 CFU/g, with rice with salad having the highest contamination. The organism was found at four sites, with the highest prevalence in Kofar Marusa (40%). Biochemical tests detected Gram-negative rods. All isolates were identified as Escherichia coli with 100% identity by PCR amplification of the 16S rRNA gene and BLASTN sequence alignment against the Escherichia coli strain BNZ 03. The phylogenetic analysis also showed sequenced isolate clustered closely with known Escherichia species. Phytochemical screening of Z. mauritiana extract indicated the presence of alkaloids, flavonoids, tannins, glycosides and saponins. Sixty-six compounds, including benzoic acid (16.83%) and diisooctyl phthalate (16.13%), were identified by GC-MS and six functional groups were identified by FTIR. The TLC bioautography revealed inhibition zones, including those at Rf 0.48 (7.2 mm). Based on the maximum inhibition zone observed in the TLC bioautography, isolate KMg was selected for further molecular characterization by PCR and for evaluation of its antibacterial activity, including MIC and MBC. The extract showed MIC and MBC values of 12,500 µg/mL and 50,000 µg/mL, respectively, suggesting that it was bacteriostatic at low concentration and bactericidal at high concentration. Lower MIC (6,250 µg/mL) and MBC (780 µg/mL) were observed with ciprofloxacin. The detection of E. coli in RTE foods indicates a food safety concern in Katsina Metropolis. Z. mauritiana demonstrated antibacterial properties, suggesting its potential as a natural agent for controlling foodborne pathogens.
Copyright (c) 2026 Ahmad Dardau, Badiyya Mashi Hassan, Aminu Ado (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Experimental Performance Analysis and Thermal-Electrical Optimization of a Solar-Powered Peltier Refrigerator for Off-Grid Applications
Access to efficient and affordable refrigeration remains a pressing challenge in off-grid communities, particularly across sub-Saharan African regions like Kano (Nigeria), where conventional compressor-based systems are costly, energy-intensive, and environmentally unsustainable. This study aimed to design and optimize a solar-powered thermoelectric refrigeration system using Peltier modules to provide an efficient and eco-friendly alternative for decentralized cold storage. The system was integrated with thermoelectric cooling modules (TEC1-12706 Peltier modules) with aluminum heat sinks, polystyrene insulation, and a 12 V solar photovoltaic power supply with a charge controller and battery backup to enhance thermal efficiency. Experimental tests were conducted in Kano State, Nigeria, over eleven months (August–June) under varying solar Irradiance (5.2–5.8 kWh/m²/day). Cooling performance was evaluated under no-load and load conditions at 10–300-minute intervals. Results showed consistent temperature reductions to 23–25°C, with faster cooling during high-irradiance periods and a coefficient of performance (COP) of 0.25-0.45. Design modifications improved overall performance by 34%. Despite lower efficiency compared to vapor-compression systems, the proposed model demonstrated significant advantages in operational simplicity, low maintenance, and environmental sustainability. The findings confirm the feasibility of solar-assisted thermoelectric refrigeration as a viable solution for vaccine preservation, food storage, and healthcare support in off-grid communities.
Copyright (c) 2026 Shehu Ahmad Zainab, Garba Ahmad Habiba, Abdullahi Muhammad Umar (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Synthesis, Structural Characterization, and IPCE Performance Evaluation of Novel Naphthalimide-Substituted Azo Dyes for Dye-Sensitized Solar Cells
This study presents the synthesis, characterization, and photovoltaic evaluation of novel naphthalimide-substituted azo dyes for dye-sensitized solar cells (DSSCs). The dyes were synthesized through nitration, amination, diazotization, and azo-coupling reactions to obtain highly conjugated donor-π-acceptor systems. Structural characterization using FT-IR, UV-Vis, Mass spectrometry, and ¹H/¹³C NMR confirmed successful dye formation. The dyes exhibited good thermal stability with melting points of 170–173°C and 175–178°C. UV-Vis analysis showed strong visible-light absorption with λmax values of 467 and 517 nm for Dye 1 and 459 and 504 nm for Dye 2 in ethanol and DMSO, respectively. Dye 2 showed higher molar absorptivity (6.58 × 104 Lmol⁻¹cm⁻¹) than Dye 1 (5.28 × 104 Lmol⁻¹cm⁻¹), indicating improved light-harvesting ability. FT-IR spectra confirmed the presence of characteristic absorption bands corresponding to N-H/O-H stretching vibrations at frequency range of 3254-3608 cm⁻¹, azo linkages (-N=N-) appeared at 1505-1569 cm⁻¹, strong carbonyl absorptions were detected between 1654 and 1729 cm⁻¹, and cyano groups were identified within 2278-2288 cm⁻¹, confirming successful incorporation of electron donor and electron acceptor functionalities into the dye framework essential for DSSC sensitization. Mass spectrometric fragmentation patterns verified the presence of stable conjugated aromatic systems containing amino, azo, cyano, and imide groups. The ¹H and ¹³C NMR spectra further validated the molecular structures and strong donor-acceptor interactions. IPCE studies revealed efficient photon-to-current conversion, with Dye 1 achieving 53% at 520 nm and Dye 2 showing 48.7% at 550 nm, thus demonstrating that structural modification of the naphthalimide core confirms that photons from the sun have been converted into electricity.
Copyright (c) 2026 Agho, O. B., Yakubu, M. K., Bello, K. A., Abdelmalik, A. A. (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Comparative Pulmonary Toxicity of PMS and Kerosene Fumes in a Rat Model
This study investigated the sub-chronic effects of inhaled Premium Motor Spirit (PMS) and kerosene fumes on pulmonary histology and physiology in albino rats. Fifteen adult male rats were randomly assigned to three groups: control (fresh air), PMS-exposed, and kerosene-exposed. Exposures were conducted for six hours daily over five weeks. Body and lung weights were recorded, and histopathological analysis of lung tissues was performed using hematoxylin and eosin staining. Compared to controls (body weight: 203 ± 0.96 g; lung weight: 5.72 ± 0.63 g), both exposed groups showed significant reductions in body and lung weights. The kerosene-exposed group had a mean body weight of 137 ± 2.08 g and lung weight of 4.53 ± 0.56 g (p < 0.05), while the PMS-exposed group had a mean body weight of 145 ± 2.09 g and lung weight of 4.83 ± 0.58 g (p < 0.05). Histologically, controls exhibited normal lung architecture. Kerosene exposure resulted in mild inflammation, whereas PMS exposure caused severe emphysematous changes characterized by alveolar wall destruction and cystic space formation. These findings demonstrate that sub-chronic inhalation of PMS and kerosene fumes induces significant systemic and pulmonary toxicity, with PMS exerting more pronounced structural damage to lung tissue. The results highlight the potential respiratory health risks associated with chronic exposure to petroleum fumes, particularly in occupational and domestic settings with poor ventilation.
Copyright (c) 2026 Godfrey Iyare, Nosa Terry Omorodion (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Quasi-Convolution Properties of Analytic Function Subclasses Defined by a Generalized Binomial Operator
The study of analytic and univalent functions in the open unit disk has received significant attention in geometric function theory due to its vast applications across mathematics and other related disciplines. Operators, being one of the essential tools, preserve geometric properties and also help generate various subclasses of analytic and univalent functions. This study introduces a new subclass of analytic and univalent functions defined via a novel generalized differential operator, extending the Al-Oboudi and Bello-Babalola operator through a binomial series formulation. The analysis is based on the close relationship between the proposed class and the class of functions with positive real part in the unit disk. The proofs employ standard techniques from classical geometric function theory, supported by established lemmas from the literature. In addition, convolution (Hadamard product) methods are utilized to derive inclusion properties and related characterizations of the class. Several fundamental properties are established, including inclusion relationships and key structural characteristics. In particular, convolution closure properties are derived, alongside coefficient bounds related to partial sums. Connections between the proposed subclass and previously studied classes defined by differential operators, such as the Sălăgean, Al-Oboudi, and Bello-Babalola operators, are also identified. The study provides new insights into the structure and behavior of analytic and univalent function subclasses.
Copyright (c) 2026 Abdulhakeem Bolakale Bello, Kunle Oladeji Babalola, Gabriel Oluwamuyiwa Olupitan, Rofiat Adewumi Aderinoye-Rabiu, Azeez Ade Jimoh (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Physicochemical Characterization and Heavy Metal Contamination of Municipal Solid Waste from the Dogarawa, Nigeria: Implications for Environmental and Public Health
This research examines the physicochemical properties and heavy metal levels in municipal solid waste (MSW) from the Dogarawa dumpsite in Zaria, Kaduna State, Nigeria. Due to increasing concerns about the environmental and public health impacts of open dumping, particularly in rapidly urbanizing areas, waste samples were collected at varying distances and depths for comprehensive characterization. Key parameters, including pH, moisture content, organic matter, and elemental composition, were determined using standard analytical techniques, including X-ray fluorescence (XRF), X-ray diffraction (XRD), and atomic absorption spectrometry (AAS). Quantitative determination of heavy metals by AAS was achieved using external calibration curves constructed from certified standard solutions, which showed excellent linearity (R²> 0.995), ensuring the accuracy and reliability of the analytical results. The findings revealed an alkaline pH of 7.6, low moisture content (2.5%), and moderate organic matter content (20%). Heavy metal concentrations, particularly zinc (166,970 mg/kg), copper (3,570 mg/kg), and lead (656 mg/kg), exceeded the permissible limits set by the World Health Organization (WHO) and Nigeria’s National Environmental Standards and Regulations Enforcement Agency (NESREA). Iron (34,940 mg/kg) remained within acceptable limits, while cadmium was not detected. Mineralogical analysis identified quartz, graphite, anhydrite, muscovite, garnet, and sphalerite, reflecting contributions from both geogenic and anthropogenic sources. These elevated metal concentrations pose significant risks to soil quality, groundwater integrity, crop safety, and human health through food chain transfer. The study underscores the urgent need for improved waste management strategies and continuous environmental monitoring to mitigate ecological degradation and protect public health in Zaria and comparable urban environments.
Copyright (c) 2026 Edoka, F. N., Omoniyi, K. I., Omola, E. M., Ayodele, J. O. (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
A Validated Framework for Ransomware Resilience: Mitigation, Recovery, and Empirical Evaluation
Background: Ransomware has emerged as one of the most disruptive threats in the contemporary cyber threat landscape, with attacks increasing by more than 70 percent between 2020 and 2024. Despite growing cybersecurity investments, organizations continue to treat mitigation, recovery, and best practices as isolated activities rather than integrated components of a unified resilience posture, a structural gap that amplifies vulnerability to sophisticated attack models, including Ransomware-as-a-Service (RaaS) and double extortion techniques. Objective: This study develops and empirically evaluates a Ransomware Resilience Framework (RRF) that integrates mitigation strategies, recovery processes, and organizational best practices into a single, continuous adaptive model tailored to the contemporary threat environment. Methods: A design science research approach was employed, combining systematic literature synthesis, structured case study analysis of documented ransomware incidents across enterprise environments, and simulation-based validation. The simulation modeled phishing-initiated attack scenarios in a representative, medium-sized organization with moderate cybersecurity maturity. Framework performance was evaluated across four metrics: threat detection time, incident response time, data loss severity, and system recovery time, comparing pre-implementation and post-implementation conditions across all three framework pillars. Results: Adoption of the layered mitigation pillar was associated with up to a 60 percent reduction in successful ransomware breaches. Early detection mechanisms reduced the average time to threat identification by approximately 45 percent. Structured recovery systems achieved up to 70 percent faster restoration, with data loss reduced by more than 50 percent. Artificial intelligence-assisted detection improved identification accuracy by approximately 50 percent, contingent on adequate personnel training and data quality. Organizations implementing the full framework, including the best-practices governance layer, recorded significantly lower operational downtime than those applying only technical controls. Conclusion: Ransomware resilience requires a holistic, continuously improving, and people-centric approach. The RRF provides scalable, empirically grounded guidance for organizations across varying resource capacities and technical maturity levels, demonstrating that integrated frameworks consistently outperform fragmented, siloed cybersecurity approaches.
Copyright (c) 2026 Olanrewaju Toyyib Tajudeen, Sikirullah Olose Abdussomad, Saka Kayode Kamil, Said Omotosho Abdulsalam (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Comparative Detection of Schistosoma haematobium Using Microscopy, Circulating Cathodic Antigen Test, and qPCR in Northern Nigeria
Urogenital schistosomiasis caused by Schistosoma haematobium remains a major neglected tropical disease in sub-Saharan Africa, particularly in Nigeria, where transmission is sustained by poor sanitation, inadequate water infrastructure, and frequent human contact with infested freshwater bodies. Accurate diagnosis is critical for surveillance, treatment monitoring, and control programs; however, conventional microscopy often underestimates infection prevalence due to low sensitivity in light-intensity infections. A hospital-based cross-sectional study involving 100 participants was conducted between December 2024 and April 2025 at Federal Medical Centre Birnin Kudu, Jigawa State, Nigeria. Urine samples were analyzed using microscopy, point-of-care circulating cathodic antigen (POC-CCA) assay, and quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR). Diagnostic indices, including sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value (PPV), negative predictive value (NPV), likelihood ratios, and 95% confidence intervals, were determined using microscopy as the conventional reference method. The prevalence of S. haematobium infection detected by microscopy, POC-CCA, and qPCR was 18%, 23%, and 32%, respectively. qPCR demonstrated the highest sensitivity (77.7%) and NPV (94.1%), while POC-CCA showed sensitivity and specificity values of 72.2% and 87.8%, respectively. Positive likelihood ratios were 5.92 for POC-CCA and 3.55 for qPCR, whereas negative likelihood ratios were 0.32 and 0.29, respectively. Male participants showed higher prevalence rates across all diagnostic methods, with microscopy prevalence of 27.5% among males compared to 8.2% among females. Participants aged 11–20 years had the highest infection prevalence (41.7%). qPCR consistently detected more low-intensity infections than microscopy and antigen-based methods. In conclusion, Molecular and antigen detection methods demonstrated superior diagnostic performance compared to conventional microscopy for detecting S. haematobium infection. The higher sensitivity of qPCR highlights its usefulness in identifying low-intensity and subclinical infections that may be missed by microscopy. Integration of qPCR and POC-CCA into schistosomiasis surveillance and control programs could substantially improve early detection, epidemiological monitoring, and post-treatment evaluation in endemic communities.
Copyright (c) 2026 Auwal Bello Muhammad, Abubakar Iliyasu (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Factor Interactions Governing Aluminium Corrosion Inhibition by Sida acuta Leaf Extract: Response Surface Methodology and Gravimetric Study
The growing demand for environmentally benign corrosion inhibitors has intensified research into plant-based alternatives to toxic synthetic chemicals. This study evaluated the corrosion-inhibition performance of Sida acuta leaf extract on aluminum in 0.1 M H₂SO₄ using gravimetric techniques and optimizing via Response Surface Methodology (RSM). A Box–Behnken design investigated the combined effects of immersion time (24–168 h), temperature (20–60 °C), and inhibitor concentration (1–7 % v/v) on inhibition efficiency (IE). Experimental IE values ranged from 46.86% to 88.83%, indicating strong dependence on operational conditions. High efficiencies were observed at short exposure times and mild temperatures, including 82.17 % at 24 h, 20 °C, 4 % v/v, and 80.76 % at 24 h, 40 °C, 7 % v/v, with the highest experimental IE (88.83 %) at 96 h, 20 °C, 7 % v/v, reflecting rapid adsorption and protective film formation. The RSM model predicted a maximum IE of 88.81 % at 24 h, 20 °C, and 7 % v/v, indicating optimal protection under low-temperature, moderate-exposure conditions. Extended immersion and elevated temperatures reduced protection, with minimum IE values of 50.56 % and 46.86 % at 168 h, 60 °C, 1 % v/v. Fit summary statistics confirmed the linear model as most suitable (sequential p < 0.0001; adjusted R² = 0.7586; predicted R² = 0.5895), while sequential sum of squares highlighted significant linear effects (F = 17.76, p < 0.0001) and negligible contributions from interaction (F = 0.6638, p = 0.5930) and quadratic terms (F = 0.2166, p = 0.8819), with the cubic model being significant but aliased. ANOVA further identified immersion time (F = 33.96) and temperature (F = 15.15) as dominant factors, though the significant lack-of-fit suggests caution in over interpreting predictions. Overall, Sida acuta leaf extract demonstrates strong potential as a sustainable green inhibitor, particularly under short-term, low-temperature conditions.
Copyright (c) 2026 Clifford Baba Okpanachi, Ekwu Mark Ameh, Christian Chinweuba Onoyima, Lucky Ekwoba, Rotimi Larayetan, Edwin Abalaka, Emmanuel Ejukwa (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Comparative Application of Nonlinear Models to Describe the Growth of Broilers and Noiler Chicken Strains
Growth pattern is crucial in the rearing of meat-type chickens, as it enables managerial decisions at specific development phases and guides improvement programs. This study used four nonlinear (Gompertz, Logistic, Weibull and Brody) models to fit the growth of two commercial broiler (Cobb 500 and Marshall) and one indigenous (Noiler) chicken strains reared in the semi-arid environment of Sokoto. Body weight (BW) was recorded weekly starting from the first week until 56 days of age, and the average daily gain was computed from the records. The model fit was evaluated based on the coefficient of determination (R2), Akaike information criterion (AIC), Bayesian information criterion (BIC), root mean square error (RMSE), and mean square error (MSE). The results showed that the Marshall strain had superior growth performance (asymptote body weight >3000 g and BW at inflection of 1334), whereas the Noiler strain showed higher variability in BW (CV of 21.7%). Estimates of maturity differed across models, with the Weibull and Brody models estimating the highest and lowest rates, respectively. The age at inflection varied from 5.5 weeks for Cobb (Gompertz) to 8 weeks for Marshall (Weibull). Overall, the Gompertz model best described the growth of the three chicken strains, with the lowest AIC, BIC, RMSE, MSE residuals as well as the highest R2. These results enhance our understanding of chicken growth dynamics reared in semi-arid environments and identify strain-specific critical ages of growth to guide feeding strategies for the three strains. Future studies extending through 12 weeks or beyond are recommended to validate the asymptote and to improve the predictive reliability of the fitted growth functions.
Copyright (c) 2026 Adamu Mani Isa, Gift Akawu Joel (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Impact of Municipal Solid Waste Compost on Soil Quality in Peri-Urban Farmlands of Katsina State, Nigeria
The increase in population led to a high demand for food, which, in turn, caused a decline in soil nutrients, particularly under unsustainable fertility management practices. Following increases in the cost of chemical fertilizer and the availability and accessibility of municipal solid waste compost (MSWC), farmers on Katsina peri-urban farmland resorted to MSWC as a fertility-improvement material. Therefore, this study aimed to evaluate the impacts of municipal solid waste compost on soil quality using the soil quality index (SQI). The study assessed levels of soil fertility parameters and evaluated the area's soil quality. Twenty (20) soil samples were collected from MSWC-amended and control locations at 0-15 cm depth. Samples were tested in the laboratory for soil quality parameters using standard procedures. The results were statistically analyzed using a t-test (p=0.05) and the soil quality index (SQI) model. The results show that the mean values of pH (7.61; 5.89) and Db (1.29; 1.45) were higher at the MSWC farm than at the control location. Significant differences were observed among all soil fertility parameters at 0.05, except OM and avl. P, Mg, and clay. The mean SQI values for MSWC-amended and control soils were 0.47 ± 0.15 and 0.42 ± 0.25, respectively, indicating that MSWC application improved soil quality by approximately 10.64%. The amended soils were classified as having “high” soil quality, while the control soils remained within the “moderate” category. The study demonstrates that MSWC application significantly enhances soil fertility and overall soil quality, thereby supporting sustainable agricultural productivity and environmentally sound waste management practices in peri-urban agroecosystems.
Copyright (c) 2026 Aminu Zakariyau, Abdul Mohammed Mansur (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Effect of Row Arrangement, Stand Density, and Phosphorus Fertilizer on Yield and Yield Components of Cowpea (Vigna unguiculata L. walp) in Sudan Savannah, Nigeria
Cowpea (Vigna unguiculata L. Walp) is an important grain legume widely cultivated in the Sudan savanna of West Africa, where it contributes significantly to food security, soil fertility improvement, and farmers’ income. However, its productivity in the region remains low due to poor soil fertility, particularly phosphorus deficiency, and suboptimal crop management practices such as improper plant population and spatial arrangement. This study was therefore conducted to evaluate the influence of row arrangement, stand density, and phosphorus fertilizer application rate on cowpea yield and yield components in the Sudan savanna agro-ecology. A field experiment was conducted during the 2023 rainy season at Federal University Dutsin-Ma, teaching and research farm and Umar Musa Yar’adua University Katsina teaching and research farm in Katsina State, Nigeria. The treatments consisted of two row arrangements (single row and double rows), three stand densities (one, two, and three plants per stand), and four phosphorus fertilizer levels (0, 13.2, 26.4, and 39.6 kg P ha⁻¹). The experiment was laid out in a randomized complete block design (RCBD) with three replications. Data were collected on shoot dry weight, number of pods per plant, number of seeds per pod, 100 seed weight, grain yield, harvest index, and shelling percentage. Results indicated that row arrangement did not significantly influence grain yield at either location, although it significantly affected harvest index and shelling percentage at Dutsin-Ma, where the double-row arrangement produced superior performance. Stand density significantly affected harvest index, with variable responses across locations. Phosphorus fertilizer application significantly improved grain yield, harvest index, and shelling percentage at both locations. The study demonstrates that adequate phosphorus fertilization combined with appropriate row arrangement and stand density can enhance cowpea productivity in the Sudan savanna agro-ecology. These management practices offer a practical strategy for improving cowpea yield and resource use efficiency in the region.
Copyright (c) 2026 Saifullahi Muazu Ida, Aderemi G Adesoji, Hassana Maryam Ati (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Anti-Aging and Longevity Effects of Terminalia catappa Ripe Fruit Extract in in D-Galactose-Induced Aging in Drosophila melanogaster (Fruit Flies) Model
Aging is a natural phenomenon brought on by the progressive decline of biological and physiological processes. This study aims to evaluate the anti-aging and longevity effects of Terminalia catappa ripe fruit aqueous extract on D-galactose-induced aging in a Drosophila melanogaster model. An acute toxicity study was carried out, and the flies were grouped into six (6) groups, each in triplicate, with 20 flies per vial for both sexes, and treated with 100, 250, 500, 750, and 1000 mg, and a Normal control/10g diet. The result shows that mortality recorded in the group of flies fed with 100, 250, 500, 750, and 1000 mg/10g of fortified diet was insignificant (p<0.05) compared to the normal control, indicating that the dosages are safe. The survival rate, negative geotaxis (locomotor activity), and eclosion (emergence) assays were carried out in triplicate with the vials containing 50 flies of both sexes. A notably high emergence rate was observed in the treated flies after 10 days, and high locomotor activity was also observed, suggesting the effectiveness of the extract. Biochemical markers of aging, such as telomerase and caspase 3 and 9 assays, were determined using colourimetric methods. There was a dose-dependent effect of the aqueous ripe fruit extract on lifespan, caspases 3 and 9, and telomerase, due to its ability to modulate the oxidative stress resistance pathway, thereby supporting its anti-aging and longevity effects. Therefore, the aqueous extract of ripe T. catappa fruits has anti-aging effects.
Copyright (c) 2026 Adamu Mansur Hindatu, Zahraddeen Abdullahi, Zainab Kasim Muhammed, Amina Husnah Balarabe (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Local Variation in Adulticidal Susceptibility of Anopheles spp. to Artemisia scoparia Essential Oil in Batagarawa LGA, Katsina State, Nigeria
Malaria remains a major public health burden in Nigeria, exacerbated by increasing insecticide resistance among Anopheles spp. Plant-derived essential oils are increasingly being investigated as environmentally sustainable alternatives for vector control. This study evaluated the adulticidal susceptibility of Anopheles spp. to Artemisia scoparia essential oil (ASEO) across five localities in Batagarawa Local Government Area (LGA), Katsina State, Northwestern Nigeria. Larvae and pupae were collected from 31 breeding sites distributed across Batagarawa localities, reared to adulthood under standardized insectary conditions, and tested using WHO tube bioassays. Four replicates of 25 non-blood-fed adult female Anopheles spp. were exposed per locality to 0.50% ASEO-impregnated filter papers. Knockdown times (KDT₅₀ and KDT₉₅) were estimated using probit regression analysis, while locality differences were analyzed using one-way ANOVA at p < 0.05. Breeding-site physicochemical parameters including temperature, pH, dissolved oxygen, conductivity, and turbidity were also evaluated. Significant variation was observed in breeding-site pH (p = 0.0128) and temperature (p = 0.0067) among localities. Mosquito knockdown responses differed significantly across localities, with KDT₅₀ values ranging from 33.08 (95% CI: 29.56 - 37.02) to 59.15 (95% CI: 48.58 - 72.01) minutes (p = 0.0271). However, 24-hour mortality remained consistently low across all localities, ranging from 4% to 16% (p = 0.2167). The findings indicate that although ASEO induced measurable knockdown effects, its adulticidal efficacy at 0.50% concentration was inadequate under the tested formulation and exposure conditions. These results suggest that A. scoparia essential oil may currently serve better as a complementary component in integrated vector management strategies than as a stand-alone adulticide.
Copyright (c) 2026 Kabir Bindawa Abdullahi, Mohammed Suleiman, Ibrahim Sani, Nasiru Hassan Wagini (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Aunu Polynomials: Excedance Number in Aunu Involutions
An Involution is a Permutation which is equal to its own inverse. An involution is a permutation of a non-empty set <!-- [if gte msEquation 12]><m:oMath><m:r>S</m:r></m:oMath><![endif]--> which does not contain any permutation cycles of length greater than two (i.e., it consists exclusively of fixed points and transpositions). In this research, we obtain a generating function for the Aunu polynomials. The Aunu polynomials enumerate Aunu-permutation/Involutions according to their number of descents or their number of excedances. In this research, we generated Aunu polynomials of orders: <!-- [if gte msEquation 12]><m:oMath><m:r>0, 1 </m:r><m:r>and</m:r><m:r> 2</m:r></m:oMath><![endif]--> , however, further investigation in the same pattern would lead to the generation of more polynomials of higher orders.
Copyright (c) 2026 Sani Abba, Aminu K/Bai Usman (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Synthesis and Computational Evaluation of PET-based Polymer Composites for the Adsorption of Chlorophenol
In this study, a combined experimental and theoretical approach was employed to evaluate the adsorption performance of polyethylene terephthalate (PET), polyurethane (PU), and TiO2-doped PET/PU microplastics for the remediation of para-chlorophenol (PCP), a petroleum phenolic pollutant. PET and PU microplastics were synthesized via carbonation and sieving techniques, while the nanocomposite was obtained through low-temperature calcination of PET, PU, and TiO2 in equal proportions. The FT-IR analyses provided insight into the structural and morphological characterization, confirming the successful fabrication of the composite. Density functional theory (DFT) calculations, using the B3LYP-D3/Def2SVP method, provided insights into the electronic behavior and adsorption mechanisms. The TiO2-PET/PU nanocomposite exhibited a reduced energy gap of 2.489 eV and the highest chemical potential (μ) of −4.527 eV among the studied systems, indicating improved reactivity and charge transfer capability. Upon PCP adsorption, the composite exhibited a significantly enhanced electrophilicity index (ω) of 8.234 eV, along with the most favorable adsorption energy (Eads = −2.594 eV), which were carried out computationally, surpassing both pristine PET (−0.629 eV) and PU (−0.656 eV), respectively. These findings demonstrate that TiO2-functionalized PET/PU microplastics hold strong promise as efficient sorbents for chlorophenol removal in environmental applications.
Copyright (c) 2026 Hitler Louis, Theresa O Egbuchunam, Vivian K Orisakwe, Idongesit J Mbonu (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Two-step Inertial Self-Adaptive Gradient Methods for the Split Feasibility Problem with Application
This paper introduces novel two-step inertial self-adaptive gradient algorithms (TISGA) for solving the Split Feasibility Problem (SFP) in Hilbert spaces. The proposed method integrates dual inertial parameters <!-- [if gte msEquation 12]><m:oMath><m:sSub><m:sSubPr><m:ctrlPr></m:ctrlPr></m:sSubPr><m:e><m:r>γ</m:r></m:e><m:sub><m:r>1</m:r></m:sub></m:sSub><m:r><m:rPr><m:scr m:val="roman"/><m:sty m:val="p"/></m:rPr>∈(</m:r><m:r>0</m:r><m:r><m:rPr><m:scr m:val="roman"/><m:sty m:val="p"/></m:rPr>,</m:r><m:f><m:fPr><m:ctrlPr></m:ctrlPr></m:fPr><m:num><m:r>1</m:r></m:num><m:den><m:r>2</m:r></m:den></m:f><m:r><m:rPr><m:scr m:val="roman"/><m:sty m:val="p"/></m:rPr>]</m:r></m:oMath><![endif]--> <span style="font-size: 12.0pt; font-family: 'Calibri',sans-serif; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; position: relative; top: 6.0pt; mso-text-raise: -6.0pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;"><!-- [if gte vml 1]><v:shapetype id="_x0000_t75" coordsize="21600,21600" o:spt="75" o:preferrelative="t" path="m@4@5l@4@11@9@11@9@5xe" filled="f" stroked="f"> <v:stroke joinstyle="miter"/> <v:formulas> <v:f eqn="if lineDrawn pixelLineWidth 0"/> <v:f eqn="sum @0 1 0"/> <v:f eqn="sum 0 0 @1"/> <v:f eqn="prod @2 1 2"/> <v:f eqn="prod @3 21600 pixelWidth"/> <v:f eqn="prod @3 21600 pixelHeight"/> <v:f eqn="sum @0 0 1"/> <v:f eqn="prod @6 1 2"/> <v:f eqn="prod @7 21600 pixelWidth"/> <v:f eqn="sum @8 21600 0"/> <v:f eqn="prod @7 21600 pixelHeight"/> <v:f eqn="sum @10 21600 0"/> </v:formulas> <v:path o:extrusionok="f" gradientshapeok="t" o:connecttype="rect"/> <o:lock v:ext="edit" aspectratio="t"/> </v:shapetype><v:shape id="_x0000_i1025" type="#_x0000_t75" style='width:50.25pt; height:20.25pt'> <v:imagedata src="file:///C:/Users/USER/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image001.png" o:title="" chromakey="white"/> </v:shape><![endif]--> and <!-- [if gte msEquation 12]><m:oMath><m:sSub><m:sSubPr><m:ctrlPr></m:ctrlPr></m:sSubPr><m:e><m:r>γ</m:r></m:e><m:sub><m:r>2</m:r></m:sub></m:sSub><m:r><m:rPr><m:scr m:val="roman"/><m:sty m:val="p"/></m:rPr>≤</m:r><m:r>0</m:r></m:oMath><![endif]--> <span style="font-size: 12.0pt; font-family: 'Calibri',sans-serif; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; position: relative; top: 3.0pt; mso-text-raise: -3.0pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;"><!-- [if gte vml 1]><v:shape id="_x0000_i1025" type="#_x0000_t75" style='width:33.75pt;height:14.25pt'> <v:imagedata src="file:///C:/Users/USER/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image003.png" o:title="" chromakey="white"/> </v:shape><![endif]--> satisfying <!-- [if gte msEquation 12]><m:oMath><m:sSub><m:sSubPr><m:ctrlPr></m:ctrlPr></m:sSubPr><m:e><m:r>γ</m:r></m:e><m:sub><m:r>1</m:r></m:sub></m:sSub><m:r><m:rPr><m:scr m:val="roman"/><m:sty m:val="p"/></m:rPr>+</m:r><m:sSub><m:sSubPr><m:ctrlPr></m:ctrlPr></m:sSubPr><m:e><m:r>γ</m:r></m:e><m:sub><m:r>2</m:r></m:sub></m:sSub><m:r><m:rPr><m:scr m:val="roman"/><m:sty m:val="p"/></m:rPr>≥</m:r><m:r>0</m:r></m:oMath><![endif]--> <span style="font-size: 12.0pt; font-family: 'Calibri',sans-serif; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; position: relative; top: 3.0pt; mso-text-raise: -3.0pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;"><!-- [if gte vml 1]><v:shape id="_x0000_i1025" type="#_x0000_t75" style='width:59.25pt;height:14.25pt'> <v:imagedata src="file:///C:/Users/USER/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image005.png" o:title="" chromakey="white"/> </v:shape><![endif]--> , together with a self-adaptive step-size <!-- [if gte msEquation 12]><m:oMath><m:sSub><m:sSubPr><m:ctrlPr></m:ctrlPr></m:sSubPr><m:e><m:r>λ</m:r></m:e><m:sub><m:r>n</m:r></m:sub></m:sSub><m:r><m:rPr><m:scr m:val="roman"/><m:sty m:val="p"/></m:rPr>=</m:r><m:f><m:fPr><m:ctrlPr></m:ctrlPr></m:fPr><m:num><m:r>βρ</m:r><m:r>h</m:r><m:r><m:rPr><m:scr m:val="roman"/><m:sty m:val="p"/></m:rPr>(</m:r><m:sSub><m:sSubPr><m:ctrlPr></m:ctrlPr></m:sSubPr><m:e><m:r>w</m:r></m:e><m:sub><m:r>n</m:r></m:sub></m:sSub><m:r><m:rPr><m:scr m:val="roman"/><m:sty m:val="p"/></m:rPr>)</m:r></m:num><m:den><m:r><m:rPr><m:scr m:val="roman"/><m:sty m:val="p"/></m:rPr>∥∇</m:r><m:r>h</m:r><m:r><m:rPr><m:scr m:val="roman"/><m:sty m:val="p"/></m:rPr>(</m:r><m:sSub><m:sSubPr><m:ctrlPr></m:ctrlPr></m:sSubPr><m:e><m:r>w</m:r></m:e><m:sub><m:r>n</m:r></m:sub></m:sSub><m:r><m:rPr><m:scr m:val="roman"/><m:sty m:val="p"/></m:rPr>)</m:r><m:sSup><m:sSupPr><m:ctrlPr></m:ctrlPr></m:sSupPr><m:e><m:r><m:rPr><m:scr m:val="roman"/><m:sty m:val="p"/></m:rPr>∥</m:r></m:e><m:sup><m:r>2</m:r></m:sup></m:sSup></m:den></m:f></m:oMath><![endif]--> <span style="font-size: 12.0pt; font-family: 'Calibri',sans-serif; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; position: relative; top: 7.5pt; mso-text-raise: -7.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;"><!-- [if gte vml 1]><v:shape id="_x0000_i1025" type="#_x0000_t75" style='width:69.75pt;height:22.5pt'> <v:imagedata src="file:///C:/Users/USER/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image007.png" o:title="" chromakey="white"/> </v:shape><![endif]--> where <!-- [if gte msEquation 12]><m:oMath><m:r>ρ</m:r><m:r><m:rPr><m:scr m:val="roman"/><m:sty m:val="p"/></m:rPr>∈(</m:r><m:r>0</m:r><m:r><m:rPr><m:scr m:val="roman"/><m:sty m:val="p"/></m:rPr>,</m:r><m:r>4</m:r><m:r><m:rPr><m:scr m:val="roman"/><m:sty m:val="p"/></m:rPr>)</m:r></m:oMath><![endif]--> <span style="font-size: 12.0pt; font-family: 'Calibri',sans-serif; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; position: relative; top: 3.0pt; mso-text-raise: -3.0pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;"><!-- [if gte vml 1]><v:shape id="_x0000_i1025" type="#_x0000_t75" style='width:46.5pt;height:14.25pt'> <v:imagedata src="file:///C:/Users/USER/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image009.png" o:title="" chromakey="white"/> </v:shape><![endif]--> and <!-- [if gte msEquation 12]><m:oMath><m:r>β</m:r><m:r><m:rPr><m:scr m:val="roman"/><m:sty m:val="p"/></m:rPr>></m:r><m:r>0</m:r></m:oMath><![endif]--> <span style="font-size: 12.0pt; font-family: 'Calibri',sans-serif; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; position: relative; top: 3.0pt; mso-text-raise: -3.0pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;"><!-- [if gte vml 1]><v:shape id="_x0000_i1025" type="#_x0000_t75" style='width:30pt;height:14.25pt'> <v:imagedata src="file:///C:/Users/USER/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image011.png" o:title="" chromakey="white"/> </v:shape><![endif]--> is chosen to satisfy specific bounding conditions. This approach eliminates the requirement for prior knowledge of the bounded linear operator’s norm—a value often challenging to determine in practice. Under mild assumptions on the underlying operators, we establish weak convergence of the algorithm to a solution of the SFP. Numerical examples and an application are given to justify the theoretical results presented. The self-adaptive mechanism ensures practical implementability without norm estimation, while the two-step inertial acceleration potentially enhances convergence speed. This work extends and generalizes several established results in the existing literature, including one-step inertial methods and Euclidean-space two-step methods.
Copyright (c) 2026 Lawan Bulama Mohammed, Babangida Ibrahim Babura, Ibrahim Arzuka (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Species Diversity, Conservation Status, and Ethnobotanical Significance of Medicinal Root Plants in Katsina State, Nigeria
Medicinal root plants are central to traditional healthcare systems, yet information on their diversity, ethnobotanical uses, and conservation status in northern Nigeria remains limited. This study assessed species richness, evenness, ethnobotanical significance, and conservation status of medicinal root plants across six Local Government Areas (LGAs) in Katsina State, Nigeria. A mixed-methods approach was adopted, integrating ethnobotanical surveys of 240 respondents with ecological sampling from 150 quadrats. Plant diversity was evaluated using the Shannon–Wiener diversity index (H’) and Equitability (EH). Ethnomedicinal uses and conservation status were documented using standard criteria. Nineteen plant families were recorded, with Fabaceae being the most dominant (26.9%). Site A exhibited the highest species diversity (H’ = 3.7) and evenness (EH = 0.95). Medicinal roots were predominantly used for the treatment of malaria and gastrointestinal disorders. Most species were classified as Least Concern (LC), including Adansonia digitata and Parkia biglobosa. However, threatened taxa were identified, such as Khaya senegalensis (Vulnerable), Combretum glutinosum and Sclerocarya birrea (Endangered), and Borreria stachydea (Data Deficient). Rare plant families, notably Moraceae, were sparsely represented (0.17%). The findings highlight spatial variation in medicinal plant diversity and emphasize the continued reliance on root-based remedies in Katsina State. The presence of threatened and poorly documented species underscores the need for targeted conservation and sustainable harvesting strategies. This study contributes to global ethnomedicinal documentation efforts and supports earlier findings on medicinal plant use in the region.
Copyright (c) 2026 Ibrahim Kabir, Sulaiman Sani Kankara, Sani Mohammed Gidado, Nasir Hassan Wagini (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Pilot Evaluation of Dialium guineense Fruit and Leaf Extracts in Inhibition of Glucose-Induced Protein Glycation and DPPH Radical: An In vitro Study
Advanced glycation end-products (AGEs) are the final products derived from the Maillard reaction, a non-enzymatic glycation of free amino groups by sugars and aldehydes. AGE formation begins under hyperglycemic or oxidative stress conditions. This work aimed to determine the anti-glycation and antioxidant potential of leaves and fruit pulp of Dialium guineense (black velvet tamarind). Plant materials were extracted with chloroform, methanol, and ethyl acetate using the maceration technique. Qualitative phytochemical screening was carried out alongside in vitro antioxidant assay (DPPH radical scavenging) and anti-glycation assay via the BSA-glucose model using spectrofluorescence, with aminoguanidine as the positive control. All experiments were carried out in triplicate, with data presented as mean ± standard deviation (SD), and analyzed using one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) in SPSS version 20. Phytochemicals identified include saponins, cardiac glycosides, steroids, triterpenes, flavonoids and tannins. Antioxidant activity showed that the DG methanol leaf extract had the highest activity (72.44% at 250 µg/mL), which was highly significant (p < 0.05) compared to the control (92.01%). For the fruit pulp, the chloroform fruit extract had the highest activity (67.09% at 500 µg/mL). Anti-glycation activity of DG leaves showed that the methanol leaf extract had the highest activity (86.46% at 125µg/mL); for the fruit pulp, ethylacetate fruit extract had the highest activity (95.62% at 250µg/mL), which was highly significant (p < 0.05) compared to the control (83.68%). Despite the remarkable outcome achieved, some limitations of this pilot study include the exclusion of quantitative phytochemical analysis and other assay variants, and the scope being confined to an in vitro medium. In conclusion, the dual potential of both fruits and leaves of Dialium guineense in anti-glycation and antioxidant studies adds to its pharmacological value as a potential functional food or medicinal plant.
Copyright (c) 2026 Hauwa Salisu Usman, Shehu Muhammad Hassan, Idris Zubairu Sadiq, Christiana Oyetola Olawoyin, Murja Ibrahim Danja, Abdullahi Balarabe Sallau (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Comparative Force-Induced Structural Transitions in Single and Double-Stranded DNA from Coarse-Grained oxDNA2 Simulations
The mechanical response of DNA to externally applied force plays a critical role in replication, transcription, recombination, and protein-mediated genome organization. Although the elasticity of single-stranded DNA (ssDNA) and double-stranded DNA (dsDNA) has been widely studied, the moderate-force regime preceding classical overstretching transitions remains comparatively less understood. In this work, the oxDNA2 coarse-grained model was used to investigate and directly compare force-induced structural adaptations in ssDNA and dsDNA subjected to tensile forces of 6.5, 8.5, 15.0, and 18.0 pN at 300 K and 1 M salt concentration. Global mechanical descriptors, including end-to-end extension, radius of gyration <!-- [if gte msEquation 12]><m:oMath><m:r>(</m:r><m:sSub><m:sSubPr><m:ctrlPr></m:ctrlPr></m:sSubPr><m:e><m:r>R</m:r></m:e><m:sub><m:r>g</m:r></m:sub></m:sSub><m:r>)</m:r></m:oMath><![endif]--> <!-- [if gte vml 1]><v:shapetype id="_x0000_t75" coordsize="21600,21600" o:spt="75" o:preferrelative="t" path="m@4@5l@4@11@9@11@9@5xe" filled="f" stroked="f"> <v:stroke joinstyle="miter"/> <v:formulas> <v:f eqn="if lineDrawn pixelLineWidth 0"/> <v:f eqn="sum @0 1 0"/> <v:f eqn="sum 0 0 @1"/> <v:f eqn="prod @2 1 2"/> <v:f eqn="prod @3 21600 pixelWidth"/> <v:f eqn="prod @3 21600 pixelHeight"/> <v:f eqn="sum @0 0 1"/> <v:f eqn="prod @6 1 2"/> <v:f eqn="prod @7 21600 pixelWidth"/> <v:f eqn="sum @8 21600 0"/> <v:f eqn="prod @7 21600 pixelHeight"/> <v:f eqn="sum @10 21600 0"/> </v:formulas> <v:path o:extrusionok="f" gradientshapeok="t" o:connecttype="rect"/> <o:lock v:ext="edit" aspectratio="t"/> </v:shapetype><v:shape id="_x0000_i1025" type="#_x0000_t75" style='width:23.25pt; height:18pt'> <v:imagedata src="file:///C:/Users/USER/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image001.png" o:title="" chromakey="white"/> </v:shape><![endif]--> , persistence length <!-- [if gte msEquation 12]><m:oMath><m:r>(</m:r><m:sSub><m:sSubPr><m:ctrlPr></m:ctrlPr></m:sSubPr><m:e><m:r>L</m:r></m:e><m:sub><m:r>p</m:r></m:sub></m:sSub><m:r>)</m:r></m:oMath><![endif]--> <!-- [if gte vml 1]><v:shape id="_x0000_i1025" type="#_x0000_t75" style='width:22.5pt;height:17.25pt'> <v:imagedata src="file:///C:/Users/USER/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image003.png" o:title="" chromakey="white"/> </v:shape><![endif]--> , and relative strain <!-- [if gte msEquation 12]><m:oMath><m:r>(</m:r><m:r>λ</m:r><m:r>)</m:r></m:oMath><![endif]--> <!-- [if gte vml 1]><v:shape id="_x0000_i1025" type="#_x0000_t75" style='width:16.5pt;height:16.5pt'> <v:imagedata src="file:///C:/Users/USER/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image005.png" o:title="" chromakey="white"/> </v:shape><![endif]--> , were analyzed alongside local structural metrics such as stacking fraction <!-- [if gte msEquation 12]><m:oMath><m:r>(</m:r><m:sSub><m:sSubPr><m:ctrlPr></m:ctrlPr></m:sSubPr><m:e><m:r>f</m:r></m:e><m:sub><m:r>stack</m:r></m:sub></m:sSub><m:r>)</m:r></m:oMath><![endif]--> <!-- [if gte vml 1]><v:shape id="_x0000_i1025" type="#_x0000_t75" style='width:38.25pt;height:16.5pt'> <v:imagedata src="file:///C:/Users/USER/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image007.png" o:title="" chromakey="white"/> </v:shape><![endif]--> , base-pair occupancy <!-- [if gte msEquation 12]><m:oMath><m:r>(</m:r><m:sSub><m:sSubPr><m:ctrlPr></m:ctrlPr></m:sSubPr><m:e><m:r>P</m:r></m:e><m:sub><m:r>bp</m:r></m:sub></m:sSub><m:r>)</m:r></m:oMath><![endif]--> <!-- [if gte vml 1]><v:shape id="_x0000_i1025" type="#_x0000_t75" style='width:27pt;height:17.25pt'> <v:imagedata src="file:///C:/Users/USER/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image009.png" o:title="" chromakey="white"/> </v:shape><![endif]--> , helical twist <!-- [if gte msEquation 12]><m:oMath><m:r>(</m:r><m:r>θ</m:r><m:r>)</m:r></m:oMath><![endif]--> <!-- [if gte vml 1]><v:shape id="_x0000_i1025" type="#_x0000_t75" style='width:17.25pt;height:16.5pt'> <v:imagedata src="file:///C:/Users/USER/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image011.png" o:title="" chromakey="white"/> </v:shape><![endif]--> , and fraying length <!-- [if gte msEquation 12]><m:oMath><m:r>(</m:r><m:sSub><m:sSubPr><m:ctrlPr></m:ctrlPr></m:sSubPr><m:e><m:r>L</m:r></m:e><m:sub><m:r>f</m:r></m:sub></m:sSub><m:r>)</m:r></m:oMath><![endif]--> <!-- [if gte vml 1]><v:shape id="_x0000_i1025" type="#_x0000_t75" style='width:21.75pt;height:17.25pt'> <v:imagedata src="file:///C:/Users/USER/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image013.png" o:title="" chromakey="white"/> </v:shape><![endif]--> . The simulations reveal distinct force-accommodation pathways in the two molecular systems. ssDNA exhibits substantial conformational expansion, backbone alignment, and progressive loss of stacking interactions, resulting in significantly greater extension under force. In contrast, dsDNA largely preserves duplex integrity and accommodates stress through twist relaxation, localized fraying, and minor stacking rearrangements while maintaining high base-pair occupancy. These findings indicate that the divergence between ssDNA and dsDNA mechanics emerges well below the overstretching regime and is governed by fundamentally different molecular mechanisms.
Copyright (c) 2026 Saratu Abdulfatah, Isaiah E Igwe, Aniefiok F Akpaneno (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Dose-Dependent Effects of Colchicine on Growth and Yield Traits of Improved Cowpea (Vigna unguiculata [L. ] Walp.) Varieties across M1 and M2 Generations
Cowpea (Vigna unguiculata [L.] Walp.) is an important grain legume widely cultivated for its nutritional value and adaptability to diverse agroecological conditions. However, limited genetic variability among elite cultivars has constrained yield improvement through conventional breeding. This study evaluated the dose-dependent effects of colchicine on growth and yield traits of three improved cowpea varieties (SAMPEA 12, SAMPEA 14, and SAMPEA 19) across M₁ and M₂ generations. The experiment was conducted at the Botanical Garden of Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria, Nigeria, using a completely randomized design with factorial arrangement comprising five colchicine concentrations (0.0, 0.1, 0.5, 1.0, and 2.0 mM), three varieties, and three replicates. A total of 675 seeds were treated and evaluated for emergence, survival, vegetative growth, flowering, and yield-related parameters. Data were analyzed using two-way ANOVA and Duncan’s New Multiple Range Test at p ≤ 0.05. Colchicine concentration significantly (p ≤ 0.05) influenced most growth and yield traits in both generations. In the M₁ generation, the 0.1 mM treatment produced the highest emergence percentage in SAMPEA 19 at 7 DAS (93.33%) and 14 DAS (81.10%), while the highest survival rate (81.34%) was observed in SAMPEA 14. In the M₂ generation, 0.1 mM colchicine consistently produced superior agronomic performance, recording the highest emergence (96.67%), survival (87.78%), plant height (25.33 cm), leaf area (49.67 cm²), pods per plant (27.00), and seeds per pod (16.67), particularly in SAMPEA 19. Conversely, higher colchicine concentrations (1.0 and 2.0 mM) significantly reduced emergence, survival, and yield traits due to phytotoxic effects and delayed flowering. SAMPEA 19 was the most responsive variety, whereas SAMPEA 14 showed relatively lower responses to colchicine treatment. The findings demonstrate that low colchicine concentration (0.1 mM) effectively enhanced growth and yield traits in improved cowpea varieties and could be utilized for induced variability and crop improvement programmes.
Copyright (c) 2026 Zubair Babakudu Ibrahim, Mohammed Awwal Galadima, Salisu Nura, Jibril Alhaji Mohammed, Sadam Sulaiman Indabo, Fatima Uzairu Adamu, Ibrahim Ukandu Muhammad, Otse Alexander Ogabidu, Muhammad Onimisi Bello (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Comparative Effects of Air-Drying and Sun-Drying on the Nutritional and Anti-Nutritional Profile of Sweet Potato Flour in Kaduna State, Nigeria
This study evaluated the effects of air-drying and sun-drying on the nutritional and anti-nutritional composition of sweet potato (Ipomoea batatas) flour produced in Kaduna State, Nigeria. Fresh tubers (5 kg) were processed in triplicate (biological replicates), and each analysis was conducted in duplicate. Sliced samples were blanched at 80 °C for 3 min and dried to constant weight (<10% moisture) using either shade air-drying (24–26 °C) or direct sun-drying (34–38 °C). Proximate composition, mineral content, vitamins A and C, and selected anti-nutritional factors were determined using standard AOAC methods. Data were analyzed using an independent sample t-test at p < 0.05. Air-dried flour retained significantly higher levels of vitamin C (14.20 ± 0.30 vs 8.50 ± 0.15 mg/100 g), vitamin A (1.15 ± 0.05 vs 0.65 ± 0.02 mg/100 g), and iron (1.85 ± 0.04 vs 1.60 ± 0.03 mg/100 g). Conversely, sun-dried samples exhibited lower moisture content (7.45 ± 0.08%) and higher carbohydrate concentration (82.77 ± 0.50%). Anti-nutritional factors, including oxalate and phytates, were significantly reduced by both treatments and remained within safe limits. The findings demonstrate a clear processing trade-off: air-drying enhances micronutrient retention, whereas sun-drying improves moisture reduction and potential shelf stability.
Copyright (c) 2026 Joshua Zamani Pius, Aishatu Mohammed Aminu, Asiya Suleiman Adam, Umar Sa’ad, Sim Blessing Buzu, Maryam Ibrahim Turaki, Sani Kabir, Jamila Ibrahim Abbas, Beatrice Hosea Ali, Shehu Ishaq (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Development and Characterization of Eco-Friendly Bi-Herbal Dye from Curcuma longa and Acacia nilotica with Antimicrobial Properties
The increasing environmental and health concerns associated with synthetic dyes have stimulated interest in sustainable natural alternatives with additional bioactive properties. This study investigated the extraction, characterization, and antimicrobial activities of a bi-herbal natural dye obtained from Curcuma longa and Acacia nilotica. Equal quantities (50 g each) of powdered Curcuma longa and Acacia nilotica pods were extracted using ethanol through Soxhlet extraction technique. The bi-herbal dye product was prepared via recrystallization by mixing equal amounts of the extracted dyestuff (5 g each) in ethanol as solvent. The dye exhibited a percentage yield of 48%, melting point range of 119-122 °C, and a dark brown appearance. UV-Visible spectroscopic analysis showed a maximum absorption wavelength (λmax) at 493 nm, indicating the presence of conjugated chromophoric compounds. FT-IR analysis revealed characteristic peaks at 3619.2 cm⁻¹, 3399.3 cm⁻¹, 1595.3 cm⁻¹, and 1517.0 cm⁻¹ corresponding to phenolic O-H, N-H, and aromatic C=C functional groups. Antimicrobial evaluation using agar well diffusion method showed inhibition zones of 22 mm against Staphylococcus aureus, 19 mm against Escherichia coli, and 28 mm against Candida albicans, compared with standard drugs Sparfloxacin (37 mm and 35 mm) and Fluconazole (32 mm). The Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC) values were 25 mg/ml for Staphylococcus aureus, 50 mg/ml for Escherichia coli, and 12.5 mg/ml for Candida albicans. Similarly, the Minimum Bactericidal/Fungicidal Concentration (MBC/MFC) values were 50 mg/ml for Staphylococcus aureus, 100 mg/ml for Escherichia coli, and 12.5 mg/ml for Candida albicans. The findings demonstrate that the bi-herbal dye possesses broad-spectrum antimicrobial activity with stronger antifungal potency against Candida albicans.
Copyright (c) 2026 Omotola, M. B., Onikosi, B. O., Etafiemor, J., Habeeb E Anate, Enyeribe, C. C., Idoko, G. O., Obadahun, J., Patience, A. J., Agho, O. B., Bakare, M. A. (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0