UMYU Scientifica is a peer-reviewed, open-access journal that publishes regular research and review articles covering a wide range of subjects in the physical, environmental, and life sciences. UMYU Scientifica aims to promote the dissemination of scientific research progress within the Nigerian scientific community and beyond. The journal has the following major thematic subject areas: Agricultural Sciences and Biotechnology, Biochemistry, Botany, Chemistry, Computer Science, Geography, Geology, Mathematics, Microbiology, Physics, Statistics, and Zoology. The journal is published by the Faculty of Natural and Applied Sciences, Umaru Musa Yar’adua University, Katsina, Nigeria.
Umaru Musa Yar'adua University Katsina, NG
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Development of a Secure Web-Based Crime Information Management System for Nigerian Campuses
Effective security systems are a crucial concern for all stakeholders of global tertiary institutions, as they guarantee human safety and infrastructure protection. The continued use of manual crime reporting systems in many Nigerian institutions results in significant inefficiencies, such as delayed replies, weak record-keeping, and poor data analytics. While digital solutions exist, they often lack the integrated, campus-specific focus that is necessary. This study designs, develops, and evaluates a secure, web-based Crime Information Management System (CIMS) that integrates real-time reporting with multi-factor authentication, role-based access, and data analytics to address these challenges. The system was developed using Next.js, Node.js, and MongoDB. Multi-factor authentication and other advanced features ensure data security, and data analytics tools enable security personnel to identify patterns and efficiently allocate resources. A comprehensive evaluation was conducted over a four-week pilot with 10 users confirming the system's robustness. Performance benchmarking with Google Lighthouse yielded perfect scores of 100% in Performance and Best Practices, and a 96% score in Accessibility. Importantly, a security assessment using OWASP ZAP revealed no high-risk vulnerabilities, confirming the effectiveness of the basic security architecture. Medium and low-risk vulnerabilities identified were remediated. Usability testing with students and security personnel yielded a mean System Usability Scale (SUS) score of 77.5, signifying "good" usability. The findings confirm that the CIMS significantly enhances the efficiency, security, and usability of campus crime management compared to manual processes. While the results are promising, the study's limitations, such as its design as a single-campus pilot test with a limited duration, suggest that further multi-institutional and long-term studies are recommended before any broader national rollout.
Crime Information Management System (CIMS)
Copyright (c) 2025 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
A Hybrid Machine Learning Model for Malaria Prediction and Classification
Malaria remains a significant global health challenge, particularly in sub-Saharan Africa, where it accounts for 96% of malaria-related deaths worldwide. One of the critical failures in malaria prevention is the lack of efficient diagnostic tools. This study addresses this gap by developing and validating a machine learning algorithm to detect and classify malaria parasites in blood samples. A hybrid machine learning model was developed in Python using the OpenCV, Keras, and TensorFlow packages. The model used a VGG-19 architecture with transfer learning and data augmentation. For training, testing, and validation, 2,207 microscopic images of blood samples representing severe (complicated) malaria, mild (uncomplicated) malaria, and non-malarial infections were obtained from the National Institute of Health's (NIH) official database. The dataset was split into training (60%), validation (20%), and testing (20%) sets. Stain normalization, label encoding, and image preprocessing were performed to optimize model performance. The model achieved 95% accuracy during training, increasing to 96.24% during implementation and testing. Stratified five-fold cross-validation yielded a mean accuracy of 95.87% ± 0.83%, confirming robustness across different data partitions. External validation on an independent dataset achieved 96.24% accuracy with an AUC-ROC of 0.985. Comparative benchmarking demonstrated that the proposed VGG-based hybrid model outperformed alternative architectures, including ResNet50, DenseNet121, Xception, and classical machine learning approaches. The model successfully characterized various stages of the Plasmodium parasite life cycle, including trophozoites and gametocytes, with high sensitivity and specificity. The developed hybrid machine learning model offers a promising alternative to conventional microscopic diagnosis, with improved accuracy, reduced diagnostic time, and reduced reliance on highly skilled personnel. This tool has significant potential for deployment in malaria-endemic regions, particularly in resource-limited settings.
Copyright (c) 2025 Naziha Dandashire Saleh, Haruna Abdu, Murtala Dandashire Sale, Aliyu Abdulhadi (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Development of Starch-based Biodegradable Plastics reinforced with Natural Fiber for enhanced mechanical and biodegradation properties
This study investigates the development of starch-based biodegradable plastic composites reinforced with kenaf fibre to improve mechanical performance and biodegradation. Starch was extracted from plant sources, and kenaf fibres were chemically treated prior to composite fabrication to improve interfacial compatibility. Composite films were produced from starch, glycerol, and varying kenaf fibre contents using optimized formulations derived from response surface methodology. Structural and physicochemical characterizations of the treated fibres and composites were conducted using Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and X-ray diffraction (XRD) to evaluate functional group interactions and crystalline structures. Film density and water absorption were evaluated in accordance with ASTM D792 and ASTM D570, respectively, while chemical resistance was assessed in accordance with ASTM D543-95. Composite density ranged from 0.87 to 1.45 g/cm³, with higher values observed at increased kenaf fiber content, demonstrating the influence of formulation on composite structure. Film thickness ranged from 2.84 to 4.85 mm, with higher glycerol content increasing thickness and fiber addition contributing to improved dimensional uniformity. Mechanical testing showed that kenaf fiber reinforcement enhanced tensile strength to 22.91 MPa, elongation at break to 59.42%, and Young’s modulus to 322.46 MPa. Water absorption measured according to ASTM D570 reached 85.20%, reflecting the hydrophilic nature of the starch matrix. Biodegradation studies using a soil burial method showed effective microbial degradation, with percentage weight loss ranging from 18.03% to 91.70%. Thermal analyses (DSC and TGA) revealed improved thermal stability for kenaf-reinforced composites, with crystallization and melting temperatures of approximately 250 °C and 340 °C, respectively. Overall, kenaf fiber reinforcement significantly enhanced the mechanical properties, thermal stability, chemical resistance, and biodegradability of starch-based bioplastics, highlighting their potential as sustainable alternatives to conventional plastics.
Starch-based biodegradable polymer composites
Copyright (c) 2025 Dini Sabo, Shehu Habibu, Magaji Ladan, Shuaibu Abdullahi, Daniel Eric (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Comparative Evaluation of Heavy Metal Pollution, Pollution Index, and Physicochemical Quality of Urban Groundwater in Kaduna Metropolis, Nigeria
An investigation was conducted to assess the heavy metal contamination, physicochemical quality, and associated non-carcinogenic health risks in well water and borehole water sources across the Kaduna Metropolis. Water samples were analyzed for six physicochemical parameters and five heavy metals (Zn, Cd, Pb, Cu, Cr) in triplicate, achieving high precision with method detection limits (LOD) typically below 0.001 mg/L. Statistical analysis showed a highly significant difference (p<0.01) in Electrical Conductivity (EC), with the well water mean (1.59 mS/cm ) exceeding the WHO limit. The study found widespread contamination with toxic metals in both sources. Key exceedances included Cadmium (Cd), which exceeded the WHO limit by approximately 2.3 × (up to 0.008 mg/L), and Lead (Pb), which exceeded the WHO limit by over 5 × (up to 0.054 mg/L) in well water. The health risk assessment confirmed a Significant Non-Carcinogenic Risk for well water (Hazard Index, HI=2.472) and a Potential Risk for borehole water (HI=1.317), with Chromium (Cr) as the primary driver (Well Cr up to 0.484 mg/L, a 9.7× exceedance). This study provides new spatial evidence of Cr and Cd migration into deep aquifers of Kaduna Metropolis, demonstrating that toxic metal pollution is not confined to shallow water sources and necessitates urgent advanced treatment interventions.
Copyright (c) 2025 Muktar Babagana, Bakari Ali, Fatima Abubakar, Auwal Ibrahim (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Characterization and Antibacterial Activity of Endophytic Aspergillus niger strain MOR-1 Isolated from Moringa oleifera
The increase in multidrug-resistant (MDR) microorganisms has driven the global search for new antimicrobial drugs from untapped natural sources. One of the biggest sources of bioactive secondary metabolites is endophytic fungi, symbiotic microorganisms that inhabit plant tissues. It is true that, despite the abundance of medicinal plant species in the state of Katsina, Nigeria, there is no scientific knowledge of the antibacterial potential of the endophytic fungi of these plants. Thus, this paper seeks to isolate and profile endophytic fungi towards new antibacterial derivatives. This study isolated Aspergillus niger from Moringa oleifera, and the exometabolites were extracted, and their antibacterial activity against 10 pathogenic bacterial strains was measured using the disc diffusion technique. The fungal extract was analyzed through Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS), Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR), in silico molecular docking to estimate binding affinities with bacterial enzymes (ECPR, MurA, and PBPs), and Adsorption, Distribution, Metabolism, Excretion/Toxicity (ADME/T) to establish the drug likeness. The antibacterial assay showed that the Aspergillus niger strain MOR-1 exhibited broad and strong activity, with inhibitory diameters ranging from 16.67 ± 1.53 mm to 29.33 ± 2.52 mm against S. aureus, P. aeruginosa, K. pneumoniae, S. pneumoniae, S. typhi, and E. coli. The activity of the strain was similar to that of ciprofloxacin (12.10 ± 1.05 to 30.1 ± 0.41 mm), indicating the synthesis of effective antibacterial metabolites with broad-spectrum activity. Analysis of the fungal extracts by GC-MS revealed various bioactive compounds, including fatty acid esters, alcohols, phenols, and aldehydes with known antimicrobial properties. The presence of functional groups (including hydroxyl, carbonyl, and alkene groups) which are typical of bioactive secondary metabolites was further confirmed by FTIR spectroscopy. The molecular docking experiments indicated that the important compounds, especially methyl ricinoleate, 9-octadecenoic acid, and methyl linolenate, exhibit high binding affinity to essential bacterial target enzymes involved in cell wall and protein synthesis. The predicted pharmacokinetic and low-toxicity profiles of the lead compounds, based on ADME/T screening, supported their potential as drug-like antibacterial candidates. The results show that Aspergillus niger is a promising source of potent antibacterial metabolites with activities similar to those of standard antibiotics. Future research should focus on purifying and testing the most promising compounds in vivo to establish their therapeutic potential as new antibacterial agents.
Copyright (c) 2025 Abdullahi Dalhatu Ibrahim, Bahauddeen Salisu, Mukhtar Lawal Gambo, Hayatudeen Rumah Muhammad (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Production, Purification and Compression of Biogas from Cow Dung
Biogas has been widely recognized as a viable alternative energy source; however, its commercial use remains limited due to challenges with storage and transportation. This study elucidates the processes involved in the production, scrubbing, compression, and storage of biogas derived from cow dung, with the aim of enhancing its portability and combustion efficiency. A total of 385 kg of fresh cow dung was anaerobically digested in a 1 m³ floating-dome digester for a retention period of seven days to generate raw biogas. The raw biogas was subsequently purified through a three-stage scrubbing system: carbon dioxide (CO₂) was removed by chemical absorption using 100 g/L calcium oxide (CaO) slurry, hydrogen sulfide (H₂S) was eliminated using 863 g of iron filings via adsorption, and water vapor was extracted using 498 g of silica gel crystals. The purified biogas was compressed to an absolute pressure of 4 bar using a refrigerant compressor and stored in a 23.7 L compressed natural gas (CNG) cylinder. The compression process was completed within 4.54 minutes, with direct proportional relationships observed between compression time, cylinder pressure, and compressor surface temperature. The performance of the compressed biogas was evaluated through water boiling and food cooking tests and compared with raw biogas and conventional fuels (kerosene, firewood, charcoal, and butane gas). The scrubbed and compressed biogas boiled 1 liter of water in 7 minutes and 49 seconds, representing a 33% reduction in boiling time compared to raw biogas (11 minutes and 37 seconds). Similarly, cooking 1 kg of rice required 30 minutes with purified biogas, compared to 45 minutes with raw biogas, indicating a 33% improvement in cooking efficiency. These findings demonstrate that the sequential scrubbing of CO₂, H₂S, and water vapor using locally available materials significantly enhances the calorific value and combustion performance of biogas, while compression facilitates its storage and transportation. The study establishes a replicable low-cost system for producing portable high-energy biogas suitable for domestic applications.
Copyright (c) 2025 Ahmad Mohammad, Mohammed Adamu Garga, Muhammad Yusuf Bawa, Ibrahim Bako, Ishaka Mohammad Shuaibu (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Estimation of the Production Cross Sections of Medical 61Cu Radioisotope Using EXIFON Code
PET relies on short-lived radionuclides, such as 18F-FDG, but their limited half-lives limit clinical applications. Copper-61 (⁶¹Cu), a promising non-standard positron emitter with a T1/2 of 3.33 hours, offers advantages for imaging slower biological processes. This study evaluates the cross-sections for ⁶¹Cu production on enriched nickel targets: ⁶¹Ni(p,n)⁶¹Cu and ⁶²Ni(p,2n)⁶¹Cu, using EXIFON 2.0 code. The calculations incorporated shell structure effects and compared the results with those of other studies. For ⁶¹Ni(p,n)⁶¹Cu, the cross-section, showing reasonable comparison of 3.3% with measured data up to 11 MeV but diverging at higher energies, likely due to pre-equilibrium contributions. Comparative analysis revealed ⁶¹Ni(p,n)⁶¹Cu as the optimal route for ⁶¹Cu production, yielding higher cross sections at lower energies, thereby reducing costs and complexity. This work underscores the viability of ⁶¹Ni(p,n)⁶¹Cu for cyclotron-based ⁶¹Cu production and supports its potential for PET imaging.
Copyright (c) 2025 Emmanuel Joseph Adoyi, Olumide O Ige, Sunday A Jonah, Abel B Olorushola, Abraham F Olalowo (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Compositional Characterisation and Industrial Suitability Assessment of Talc Ore from Ingawa, Katsina State, Nigeria
This study explores the unique characteristics of talc ore sourced from the Ingawa Local Government Area in Katsina State, with a focus on its potential for diverse industrial applications. Representative samples were analysed using X-ray Fluorescence (XRF), X-ray Diffraction (XRD), and Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy to determine elemental composition, mineralogical phases, and structural bonding. XRD analysis confirmed that the ore is a heterogeneous assemblage dominated by Talc (triclinic), with significant amounts of quartz and kaolinite. XRF analysis quantified the chemical composition, revealing deviations from stoichiometric purity, with high silica (SiO2, 37.23%) and aluminium oxide (Al2O3, 26.41%) content. Magnesium oxide (MgO) concentration was found to be (0.91%), which is lower than the theoretical standard for pure Talc of 31.8%. Iron oxide Fe2O3 was present at 10.99%, correlating with the observed light-to-dark brown coloration of the samples. A comparative assessment against industrial specifications indicates that the Ingawa deposit is low-to-medium grade. While the high quartz and iron content currently restricts its use in pharmaceuticals and cosmetics, the raw ore is technically feasible for use as a structural filler in the rubber and plastics industries. Advanced beneficiation, specifically to reduce abrasive silica and chromophoric iron oxides, is recommended to upgrade the ore for high-value applications.
Copyright (c) 2025 Ibrahim Salisu, Aminu Musa, Maryam Saddiq, Abdulhamid Murtala, Hajara Bawa Wada, Abdullahi Salmanu Nasir (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Isolation, Structural Characterization and Bioactivities of Antioxidant and Antimicrobial Compounds from Prosopis africana Stem Bark
Prosopis africana, also known as African mesquite, is the only species of Prosopis indigenous to tropical Africa. It has vast social, economic, cultural, medicinal and agricultural values. In this research, the Antioxidant and antimicrobial activities of Prosopis africana were determined. 500g of the grounded stem bark of Prosopis africana was extracted with n-hexane and ethanol. The Antioxidant activities were evaluated using the DPPH free radical scavenging assay. The ethanolic extract showed greater antioxidant activity than the n-hexane extract, with IC50 values of 6.91 µg/mL and 671.81 µg/mL, respectively. Microbial activity was determined using the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) method, were the two extracts inhibited the growth of tested bacterial strains; Ralstonia solanacearum, Xanthomonas campestris, Methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus, and E. coli in the ranges of 21mm,15mm,21mm,19mm for the ethanolic extract and 18mm,14mm,17mm,15mm for n-hexane extract. Purification of the bioactive compound was done using column chromatography. The structure of the compound was elucidated on the basis of spectroscopic analysis, including Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy, 1H NMR, and 13C NMR. This lead to the Isolation and identification of a bioactive compound, namely palmitic acid. This study supported the traditional use of Prosopis africana in traditional medicine, and the results revealed that the ethanolic extract possesses stronger antioxidant and antimicrobial activity than the n-hexane extract.
Copyright (c) 2025 Ishaq Aliyu Mohammed, Hamisu Abubakar Mahraz (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Development and Validation of AI-Integrated Web Application Software for Accurate Microscopic Detection and Quantification of Malaria Parasites in Blood Films
Malaria, a mosquito-borne infectious disease caused by various Plasmodium parasite species, presented a significant global health challenge, with Plasmodium falciparum being notorious for its severe and life-threatening manifestations, which are particularly prevalent in Sub-Saharan Africa. This study aims to develop and validate AI-Integrated Web Application (AIWA) Software for the enhanced microscopic detection and quantification of malaria parasites in blood films. Two hundred and fifty blood samples infected with Plasmodium falciparum were collected and processed, yielding a total of 450 images capturing morphological features, including different stages of the parasite. The AIWA was built using the “You Only Look Once (YOLO)” V8 algorism, utilizing the single convolutional neural network (CNN) and trained on the pre-processed and annotated microscopic images for accurate detection and quantification of the parasites, white blood cells, Red blood cells, artifact and other blood-associated components. The model was validated for accuracy and precision, and subsequently integrated into a user-friendly software application (Python Programming Language and Python Django framework) to allow easier access of the technology both online and offline. The AIWA achieved high precision (0.836) in identifying positive cases, while the comparative analysis of the AIWA with conventional microscopic methods using Regression and Bland-Altman analyses revealed a robust correlation (R² > 94%) and strong agreement between the two approaches. In conclusion, the results showed the AIWA's feasibility and efficiency to replace the conventional microscopy in accurately detecting and quantifying malaria parasites, offering a promising solution for enhanced diagnosis especially in resource-limited settings.
Malaria Diagnosis, Plasmodium falciparum, Artificial Intelligence (AI), Convolutional Neural Networks (CNNs), AI-Integrated Web Application, Digital Microscopy
Copyright (c) 2025 Kabir Yahuza, Aliyu M Umar, Ebenezer, A. T., Bahauddeen Salisu, Yusha’u, E. S., Musa Sani Kaware, Abdullahi Samaila (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Application of SCS and Snyder Unit Hydrograph Methods for Enhanced Flood Response and Peak Runoff Hydrograph Development in the Foma River Watershed, Ilorin, Kwara State
This study estimated unit hydrograph ordinates and developed runoff hydrographs for the Foma River watershed. The Snyder’s and SCS synthetic approaches were used to produce the unit hydrograph ordinates, while the SCS type II curve was used to determine the cumulative excess rainfall values for storm depths with 20-yr and 50-yr return periods. To develop the peak runoff hydrograph, the synthetic unit hydrograph ordinates were convoluted with the cumulative excess rainfall for the 20-yr and 50-yr storm return periods, using the Gumbel Extreme Value Type I (EV-I) probability distribution. Peak runoff values obtained based on the SCS for the watershed ranged from 68.0 m3/s to 112.0 m3/s for the return periods of 20 and 50 years, while peak runoff values obtained based on the Snyders ordinates for the 20- and 50-year return periods varied between 70.0 m3/s and 90.0 m3/s. The findings demonstrate that the SCS approach was the most effective for calculating the flow ordinate required to develop the peak runoff hydrograph for various return periods in the research area.
Copyright (c) 2025 Kehinde Raheef Adebayo, Buhari Olugbon Yusuf, Kamil Kayode Katibi (Author); Azeez Ayinla Adebayo (Translator); Ademola Lawrence Olaoluwa (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Prevalence and Molecular Detection of ESBL-Producing Gram-Negative Uropathogens Among Pregnant Women in Sokoto Metropolis, Nigeria
Urinary tract infections (UTIs) during pregnancy pose significant health risks, and the rising prevalence of extended-spectrum β-lactamase (ESBL)-producing organisms further complicates treatment. This study determined the prevalence of ESBL-producing Gram-negative uropathogens and identified associated β-lactamase genes among pregnant women in Sokoto Metropolis. Midstream urine samples were processed using standard microbiological methods. ESBL detection was performed using the Double Disk Synergy Test, and PCR was used to identify blaTEM, blaSHV, and blaCTX-M genes. Of 14 multidrug-resistant isolates, 6 (42.9%) were ESBL producers. Escherichia coli (40%) and Enterobacter sp. (100%) showed the highest ESBL prevalence. Molecular analysis revealed blaSHV in 3 (60%) of the ESBL-positive isolates, while blaTEM and blaCTX-M were not detected. The predominance of SHV-type ESBLs highlights localized resistance patterns and underscores the need for continuous surveillance and antibiotic stewardship in antenatal care.
Copyright (c) 2025 Bahira Yabo Bello, Manga, S. B., A S Shehu, Maigandi, A., Hussaini Salisu, Shuaibu Shamsudeen (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Phytochemical Profiling, Pharmacokinetics, and Antimicrobial Activity of Azadirachta indica Leaf Extracts: In Silico and In Vitro Evaluations
Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) is a critical global health threat, necessitated by the rise of multidrug-resistant "superbugs" and a lack of new antibiotic discovery. Plant-derived phytochemicals, particularly from Azadirachta indica (neem), offer a promising reservoir of bioactive molecules with broad-spectrum therapeutic potential. This study aimed to characterize the bioactive profiles of aqueous and methanolic leaf extracts and evaluate their therapeutic potential against viral, bacterial, and fungal targets. Dried A. indica leaves were processed into powder and subjected to three-day maceration in methanol and water. Phytochemicals were identified through qualitative screening and Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (GC–MS) using a SHIMADZU GCMS-QP2010 PLUS system. Pharmacokinetic profiles and drug-likeness were predicted via SwissADME and ADMETLab 3.0. Molecular docking simulations were performed using AutoDock Vina against nine pathogenic targets, while in vitro efficacy was determined through well/disk diffusion and MIC/MBC/MFC assays. The aqueous extract provided a significantly higher yield (10.78%) than the methanolic extract (10.58%, p = 0.013). GC-MS identified 17 compounds in the methanolic extract (linoleic acid dominant) and 21 in the aqueous extract (oleic acid dominant). Molecular docking revealed that Methyl linolelaidate had the highest affinity for HIV Reverse Transcriptase (-6.9 kcal/mol), while Monopalmitin and Linoleoyl chloride showed strong binding to fungal and bacterial targets (-6.0 kcal/mol). Antimicrobial testing confirmed concentration-dependent activity, with the methanolic extract achieving a 15.6 mm zone of inhibition against S. epidermidis. ADMET analysis identified monopalmitin, resorcinol, and methyl caprate as the most viable drug candidates. A. indica is a potent source of bioactive molecules capable of disrupting microbial membranes and inhibiting key enzymes. While the findings support the therapeutic potential of these compounds, predicted nephrotoxicity for methyl vaccenate and methyl caprate underscores the need for further experimental validation to ensure clinical safety.
Copyright (c) 2025 Khalid Audu Musari, Zubairu Darma Umar, Kamaluddeen Kabir (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
A Comprehensive in Vitro and in Vivo Evaluation of the Antioxidant and Antidiabetic Potential of an Okra (Abelmoschus esculentus) Nutraceutical Formulation
Nutraceuticals with strong antioxidant properties offer a promising approach for managing various oxidative stress-related disorders, including diabetes. This study evaluated the antioxidant and antihyperglycaemic potentials of the previously developed okra-based antidiabetic nutraceutical formulation derived from the Ex-Maradi variety of Abelmoschus esculentus in alloxan-induced diabetic rats. Phytochemicals and in vitro antioxidant capacity of the formulation were assessed by measuring total phenolic content (TPC), total flavonoid content (TFC), and scavenging activities against DPPH, superoxide (O₂*⁻) and hydrogen peroxide (H2O2). Furthermore, in vivo antioxidant parameters, including SOD, CAT, GPx, GSH, MDA, and essential antioxidant minerals (Zn, Cu, Mn, and Fe), were evaluated in both the serum and tissue homogenates of diabetic rats. The formulation exhibited good TPC (61.84 ± 5.31 mg GAE/g) and TFC (18.31 ± 2.17 mg QE/g) content. It also demonstrated strong free radical scavenging activities with low IC50 values of (0.086 ± 0.022, 0.064 ± 0.014, and 0.16 ± 0.03) mg/mL against DPPH, O₂*⁻ and H2O2, respectively. In vivo, administration of the formulation at doses of 250 and 500 mg/kg body weight for three weeks significantly (P < 0.05) ameliorated the elevated blood glucose levels in alloxan-induced hyperglycaemic rats, lowering them by about 56.66% at the 500 mg/kg dose. Additionally, it improved the activities of antioxidant enzymes (SOD, CAT, and GPx) and increased the concentrations of antioxidant minerals (Zn, Cu, Mn, and Fe) compared to the diabetic control group. These findings highlight the nutraceutical formulation's potent antioxidant and antihyperglycaemic properties, underscoring its potential as a therapeutic option for managing diabetes and conditions associated with oxidative stress.
Copyright (c) 2025 Ismaila Muhammad, Matazu, K. I., Nasir, A., Salahudeen Yau’, Suleiman, Z. A., Hamza Ibrahim Kankia, Usman, B., Yaradua, A. I., Shamsu, S., Rufai Nasir, Aminu, G. B., Musa, T., Shamadeen, A. K., Ahmad Shehu Sani, Rukayya Gambo Lawal, Mannir Abubakar Rawayau, Ibrahim Safiyanu Darma, Aishatu Na’iya Muhammad, Hadiza Kabir Matazu, Abbas, A. Y., Bilbis, L. S. (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Ameliorating the Effects of Trypanosoma Evansi Infection in Wistar Rats Using Selected Nutraceuticals, Ethidium Bromide and Ethidium Chloride
African Trypanosomiasis is a disease that affects humans and animals, caused by trypanosomes in sub-Saharan Africa, despite decades of vector control and treatments. The disease remains endemic and an impediment to socio-economic development. 45 male Wistar rats were purchased from the animal colony of the Nigerian Institute for Trypanosomiasis Research (NITR) and divided into 9 groups of 5 rats each. Group I, (uninfected, untreated), Group II (Infected, untreated), while Groups III, IV, V, VI, VII, VIII and IX were the groups tested. Each rats were infected with 1× 105 Trypanosomes and treated with 6.43 mg/kg Glucosamine (Group III), 24.6 mg/kg Omega-H3 (Group IV), 1 mg/kg Ethidium bromide (Group V), 1 mg/kg Ethidium chloride (Group VI), Group VII were treated with Ethidium bromide and Glucosamine, Group VIII were treated with Ethidium chloride and Omega H3, while Group IX was treated with both of the nutraceuticals for 7 days. PCV, body temperature, and body weight were also determined. Results showed that PCV was significantly reduced (P < 0.05) in the infected and treated groups compared to group I, and was greater in group II. No significant (P > 0.05) difference was observed between the groups treated with the Nutraceuticals and the Trypanocides. Body temperature increased in all groups compared with group I and was highly significant (P < 0.05) in group II. No significant (P < 0.05) increase in body weight of rats was observed in the groups treated compared to group II, but a decrease in body weight was observed in all groups compared to group I. No difference observed in groups treated with Nutraceuticals and the Trypanocides. Nutraceuticals have ameliorated the effects of Trypanosoma evansi infection on PCV, body temperature, and body weight in Wistar rats.
Copyright (c) 2025 Yahaya Shuaibu, Abdulfatai, K., Dadah, A. J. (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Antimicrobial Properties and GC-MS Profiling of Hexane-Derived Fractions of Moringa oleifera Seed Obtained Using Ultrasonic Assisted Extraction Method
The Moringa oleifera seeds were sourced, identified, and extracted using ultrasonic extraction with hexane as the extraction solvent. The extract was subjected to qualitative phytochemical screening for the detection of plant metabolites using standard procedures. The isolates were collected from a tertiary hospital and were reconfirmed using standard identification procedures. The extract was fractionated and tested against the bacterial isolates; the bioactive compounds in the fractions were characterized using GC-MS. Qualitative analysis of the extract shows the presence of alkaloids, saponins, tannins, flavonoids, and phenols. Antimicrobial activity of the fractions shows broad-spectrum activity against the isolates, with mean zones of inhibition of 22 mm (butanol fraction), 22 mm (aqueous fraction), and 20.5 mm (hexane fraction). GC-MS characterization of the fractions detected key compounds like (BF oleic acid (98%), n-hexadecenoic acid (99%), Docosonoic acid (99%), Palmitoleic acid. (99%). (AF Linolaidic acid (95%), 6-octadecenoic acid (97%), cis-13- ecosenoic acid (97%), n- hexadecenoic acid (90%). (HF Phenol (87%), cis-vaccenic acid (90%), n-hexadecanoic acid (99%), 1- prophyl 9- octadecenoate heptadecanolide (95%). Conclusively, the results have revealed that the Ultrasonic Extraction method using seed and Hexane recovered phytochemicals, which significantly affected antimicrobial activity against the tested bacterial isolates.
Copyright (c) 2025 Said, A. A., Bukar, A., Mukhtar, M. D. (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Investigation of PMMA Thin Film as a Low-Cost Anti-Reflective Layer for Crystalline Silicon Solar Cells
In this paper, we study the effects of a PMMA thin film on the improvement of the output characteristics of a crystalline silicon (C-Si) solar module using a solar simulator and a simple, low-cost spin-coating technique. The results show that the performance efficiency and the corresponding characteristic parameters of the C-Si solar module coated with a PMMA thin film are higher than those of the uncoated module: An open circuit voltage <!-- [if gte msEquation 12]><m:oMath><m:sSub><m:sSubPr><m:ctrlPr></m:ctrlPr></m:sSubPr><m:e><m:r><m:rPr><m:scr m:val="roman"/><m:sty m:val="p"/></m:rPr>V</m:r></m:e><m:sub><m:r><m:rPr><m:scr m:val="roman"/><m:sty m:val="p"/></m:rPr>OC</m:r></m:sub></m:sSub></m:oMath><![endif]--> <span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 107%; font-family: 'Calibri',sans-serif; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; position: relative; top: 4.0pt; mso-text-raise: -4.0pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;"><!-- [if gte vml 1]><v:shapetype id="_x0000_t75" coordsize="21600,21600" o:spt="75" o:preferrelative="t" path="m@4@5l@4@11@9@11@9@5xe" filled="f" stroked="f"> <v:stroke joinstyle="miter"/> <v:formulas> <v:f eqn="if lineDrawn pixelLineWidth 0"/> <v:f eqn="sum @0 1 0"/> <v:f eqn="sum 0 0 @1"/> <v:f eqn="prod @2 1 2"/> <v:f eqn="prod @3 21600 pixelWidth"/> <v:f eqn="prod @3 21600 pixelHeight"/> <v:f eqn="sum @0 0 1"/> <v:f eqn="prod @6 1 2"/> <v:f eqn="prod @7 21600 pixelWidth"/> <v:f eqn="sum @8 21600 0"/> <v:f eqn="prod @7 21600 pixelHeight"/> <v:f eqn="sum @10 21600 0"/> </v:formulas> <v:path o:extrusionok="f" gradientshapeok="t" o:connecttype="rect"/> <o:lock v:ext="edit" aspectratio="t"/> </v:shapetype><v:shape id="_x0000_i1025" type="#_x0000_t75" style='width:18pt; height:15pt'> <v:imagedata src="file:///C:/Users/USER/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image001.png" o:title="" chromakey="white"/> </v:shape><![endif]--> increased from <!-- [if gte msEquation 12]><m:oMath><m:r><m:rPr><m:scr m:val="roman"/><m:sty m:val="p"/></m:rPr>531.73 mV to 549.85 mV</m:r></m:oMath><![endif]--> <span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 107%; font-family: 'Calibri',sans-serif; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; position: relative; top: 4.0pt; mso-text-raise: -4.0pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;"><!-- [if gte vml 1]><v:shape id="_x0000_i1025" type="#_x0000_t75" style='width:126.75pt;height:15pt'> <v:imagedata src="file:///C:/Users/USER/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image003.png" o:title="" chromakey="white"/> </v:shape><![endif]--> , while short current <!-- [if gte msEquation 12]><m:oMath><m:sSub><m:sSubPr><m:ctrlPr></m:ctrlPr></m:sSubPr><m:e><m:r><m:rPr><m:scr m:val="roman"/><m:sty m:val="p"/></m:rPr>I</m:r></m:e><m:sub><m:r><m:rPr><m:scr m:val="roman"/><m:sty m:val="p"/></m:rPr>sc</m:r></m:sub></m:sSub></m:oMath><![endif]--> <span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 107%; font-family: 'Calibri',sans-serif; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; position: relative; top: 4.0pt; mso-text-raise: -4.0pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;"><!-- [if gte vml 1]><v:shape id="_x0000_i1025" type="#_x0000_t75" style='width:12.75pt;height:15pt'> <v:imagedata src="file:///C:/Users/USER/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image005.png" o:title="" chromakey="white"/> </v:shape><![endif]--> increased from <!-- [if gte msEquation 12]><m:oMath><m:r><m:rPr><m:scr m:val="roman"/><m:sty m:val="p"/></m:rPr>69.83 mA to 87.45 mA,</m:r></m:oMath><![endif]--> <span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 107%; font-family: 'Calibri',sans-serif; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; position: relative; top: 4.0pt; mso-text-raise: -4.0pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;"><!-- [if gte vml 1]><v:shape id="_x0000_i1025" type="#_x0000_t75" style='width:116.25pt;height:15pt'> <v:imagedata src="file:///C:/Users/USER/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image007.png" o:title="" chromakey="white"/> </v:shape><![endif]--> and the maximum power <!-- [if gte msEquation 12]><m:oMath><m:sSub><m:sSubPr><m:ctrlPr></m:ctrlPr></m:sSubPr><m:e><m:r><m:rPr><m:scr m:val="roman"/><m:sty m:val="p"/></m:rPr>P</m:r></m:e><m:sub><m:r><m:rPr><m:scr m:val="roman"/><m:sty m:val="p"/></m:rPr>max</m:r></m:sub></m:sSub></m:oMath><![endif]--> <span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 107%; font-family: 'Calibri',sans-serif; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; position: relative; top: 4.0pt; mso-text-raise: -4.0pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;"><!-- [if gte vml 1]><v:shape id="_x0000_i1025" type="#_x0000_t75" style='width:23.25pt;height:15pt'> <v:imagedata src="file:///C:/Users/USER/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image009.png" o:title="" chromakey="white"/> </v:shape><![endif]--> increased from <!-- [if gte msEquation 12]><m:oMath><m:r><m:rPr><m:scr m:val="roman"/><m:sty m:val="p"/></m:rPr>22.64 mW</m:r></m:oMath><![endif]--> <span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 107%; font-family: 'Calibri',sans-serif; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; position: relative; top: 4.0pt; mso-text-raise: -4.0pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;"><!-- [if gte vml 1]><v:shape id="_x0000_i1025" type="#_x0000_t75" style='width:52.5pt;height:15pt'> <v:imagedata src="file:///C:/Users/USER/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image011.png" o:title="" chromakey="white"/> </v:shape><![endif]--> to <!-- [if gte msEquation 12]><m:oMath><m:r><m:rPr><m:scr m:val="roman"/><m:sty m:val="p"/></m:rPr>28.43 mW</m:r></m:oMath><![endif]--> <span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 107%; font-family: 'Calibri',sans-serif; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; position: relative; top: 4.0pt; mso-text-raise: -4.0pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;"><!-- [if gte vml 1]><v:shape id="_x0000_i1025" type="#_x0000_t75" style='width:52.5pt;height:15pt'> <v:imagedata src="file:///C:/Users/USER/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image013.png" o:title="" chromakey="white"/> </v:shape><![endif]--> . Meanwhile, the power conversion efficiency of the C-Si solar module increased from <!-- [if gte msEquation 12]><m:oMath><m:r><m:rPr><m:scr m:val="roman"/><m:sty m:val="p"/></m:rPr>19.75 %</m:r></m:oMath><![endif]--> <span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 107%; font-family: 'Calibri',sans-serif; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; position: relative; top: 4.0pt; mso-text-raise: -4.0pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;"><!-- [if gte vml 1]><v:shape id="_x0000_i1025" type="#_x0000_t75" style='width:42pt;height:15pt'> <v:imagedata src="file:///C:/Users/USER/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image015.png" o:title="" chromakey="white"/> </v:shape><![endif]--> to <!-- [if gte msEquation 12]><m:oMath><m:r><m:rPr><m:scr m:val="roman"/><m:sty m:val="p"/></m:rPr>22.11 %</m:r></m:oMath><![endif]--> <span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 107%; font-family: 'Calibri',sans-serif; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; position: relative; top: 4.0pt; mso-text-raise: -4.0pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;"><!-- [if gte vml 1]><v:shape id="_x0000_i1025" type="#_x0000_t75" style='width:42pt;height:15pt'> <v:imagedata src="file:///C:/Users/USER/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image017.png" o:title="" chromakey="white"/> </v:shape><![endif]--> . Finally, the series resistance decreased by <!-- [if gte msEquation 12]><m:oMath><m:r><m:rPr><m:scr m:val="roman"/><m:sty m:val="p"/></m:rPr>0.75 Ω</m:r></m:oMath><![endif]--> <span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 107%; font-family: 'Calibri',sans-serif; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; position: relative; top: 4.0pt; mso-text-raise: -4.0pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;"><!-- [if gte vml 1]><v:shape id="_x0000_i1025" type="#_x0000_t75" style='width:33pt;height:15pt'> <v:imagedata src="file:///C:/Users/USER/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image019.png" o:title="" chromakey="white"/> </v:shape><![endif]--> . Thus, a PMMA thin film could be used to replace conventional anti-reflective coatings for silicon solar cells.
Copyright (c) 2025 Nura Liman Chiromawa, Siraj Bala, Abdullahi Tanimu, Ibrahim Bagudo Muhammad (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Hypolipidemic And Hepatoprotective Effects of Methanol Extract of Carica Papaya Leaves in High-Fat Diet-Induced Hyperlipidemic Rats
This study investigated the hypolipidaemic potential of the methanol leaf extract of Carica papaya in the liver of albino rats fed a formulated cow-brain diet, and reported that its effect was compared with that of a standard statin drug (Atorvastatin). Thirty-five (35) albino rats were used and divided into seven (7) groups of five (5) rats each. Group I, which received a normal diet (ND), served as the positive control. Group II was fed a formulated high-cholesterol diet (FHD) and served as the negative control. Group III (ND + 62 mg/kg) was pre-treated before induction, while groups IV, V and VI were induced with FHD and treated with 31, 62, and 124 mg/kg of C. papaya leaf extract, respectively. Group VII (Ator) was induced with the formulated cow-brain tissue and treated with Atorvastatin. The experiment was conducted for 28 days. Biochemical analysis indicated that induction with the formulated cow-brain tissue significantly increased serum lipid profiles, including total cholesterol (225.50 ± 9.93 mg/dL vs. 131.75 ± 9.02 mg/dL in ND) and LDL (104.75 ± 6.42 mg/dL vs. 66.5 ± 5.47 mg/dL in ND), with the exception of HDL. Liver function parameters were also elevated: AST (36.25 ± 8.26 U/L), ALT (39.75 ± 5.91 U/L), and ALP (220.25 ± 14.57 U/L), all showing significant (p<0.05) increases. The study further noted that, when compared with the effect of Atorvastatin, C. papaya extract demonstrated considerable hypolipidaemic activity in all treated groups. This effect was attributed to the presence of phytochemicals such as saponins and flavonoids, which may influence lipid metabolism and inhibit HMG-CoA reductase activity. The findings suggested that C. papaya is more effective than Atorvastatin.
Copyright (c) 2025 Hussaini Mansur, Suleiman Isa Ahmed, Sanusi Wara Hassan (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Solvent-Dependent Anticoagulant Effects of Combined Garlic (Allium sativum) and Roselle (Hibiscus sabdariffa) Extracts in Albino Rat Plasma
Cardiovascular diseases, such as coronary heart disease and stroke, are the top killers of people globally, and by 2030, almost 23.6 million people are projected to die from cardiovascular diseases. This study aimed to investigate the anticoagulant potential of a combined Allium sativum bulb and Hibiscus sabdariffa using different solvent extracts (Methanol, Hexane, Ethyl acetate, and Butanol). Prothrombin time (PT) and Activated partial thromboplastin time (APTT) were assessed using different concentrations of the combined extract (50mg/ml, 75mg/ml, and 100mg/ml) together with positive control (Enoxaheparin), vehicle control, and normal control. There are significant differences in the combined extract between different solvents (P<0.05). At 100mg concentration ethylacetate was found to exibit high prolonged PT and APTT (39.0±2.51s and 48.00±2.4s respectively) followed by methanol (31.0±2.51 and 36.00±6.00s), butanol (24.0±2.00s and 32.60±5.40s) and finally hexane (9.0±2.00s and 0.30±0.07s) respectively compared with vehicle control (0.5% methanol 12.30±0.90s 40.10±2.80s, 0.1% DMSO- hexane fraction for hexane extract 12.20±0.9s 39.70±3.10s, 0.1% DMSO- for ethylacetate, PT 12.30±1.00 APTT 40.30±3.90, 0.5% butanol PT 12.10±1.00s APTT 39.60±3.00s) and normal control (PT 12.60±1.10s APTT 40.80±3.60s) . The ethyl acetate with the longest PT and APTT could be due to the fact that, as a semi-polar solvent, it can extract phytochemicals (both polar and semi-polar), which are known to have anticoagulant properties by inhibiting the synthesis of thromboxane A2, which affects the extrinsic coagulation cascade induced by adenosine diphosphate, arachidonic acid, and collagen. The plant extracts also contain anthocyanins in Roselle and Allicin in garlic (a sulphur-containing compound), thereby enhancing antioxidant and antiplatelet activities. This combined extract has demonstrated potential. However, mechanistic and synergistic interpretations remain speculative and require further biochemical confirmation.
Copyright (c) 2025 Muhammad Abubakar Nasir, Mukhtari Jangebe Ladan, Aminu Umar Imam, Ibrahim Suru Mohammad (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Ensemble of Synthetic and Balancing Techniques for Credit Card Fraud Detection
Globally, credit card fraud continues to afflict the financial sector, with losses projected to exceed $43 billion in the near future. The rise of online payments has introduced new challenges in identifying fraud due to a significant class imbalance in fraud data. Most traditional machine learning methods do not account for this imbalance, leading to biased classifiers with limited generalisability. The study proposes an innovative ensemble-based technique, EA-CT (Ensemble ADASYN-CTGAN), that combines ADASYN and Conditional Tabular Generative Adversarial Networks (CTGAN) to improve the accuracy and robustness of fraud detection. To execute the experiments, publicly available European credit card transactions obtained by Université Libre de Bruxelles (ULB) have been used; this dataset consists of 284,807 transactions with 0.172% fraud cases. To make our model computationally efficient and to avoid class imbalance issues during training and testing. The study begins by addressing the class imbalance problem using ADASYN, an oversampling technique that generates synthetic samples for the minority class, focusing on more difficult instances to learn. Subsequently, the dataset is enriched with realistic synthetic fraud samples via CTGAN to ensure diversity and representativeness. A 10% stratified sample of the dataset is then used after various preprocessing and augmentation techniques. The sampled dataset is then analyzed using various classifiers. Results indicate that fraud detection capabilities are improved with the EA-CT framework. XGBoost achieved the highest AUC-ROC of 95.20% and a recall of 87.99%. ANN attained the highest accuracy of 88.86%. KNN demonstrated an impressive F1-score of 87.05%. Despite these gains, the study is limited by its reliance on a single, anonymized dataset and a binary classification setting, which may affect its generalizability to real-world, evolving fraud scenarios. Overall, the proposed EA-CT framework demonstrates strong potential for enhancing fraud detection in highly imbalanced financial datasets.
Copyright (c) 2025 Abdulmalik Umar, Armaya’u Umar Zango, Yakubu Ibrahim Galadima, Mardiyya Bagiwa Lawal (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Computational Elucidation of 4-Amino-N-(4-aminophenyl)benzamide Adsorption and Corrosion Inhibition on Mild Steel Using a Multi-Level Quantum–Simulation Approach
In this study, the corrosion inhibition performance of 4-amino-N-(4-aminophenyl)benzamide (DOF) on the Fe (110) surface was investigated using density functional theory (DFT), quantum theory of atoms in molecules (QTAIM), non-covalent interaction (NCI) analysis, and Monte Carlo (MC) simulations. This study represents the first integrated theoretical investigation of DOF adsorption on the Fe(110) surface, using quantum-topological and surface-simulation techniques to the best of our knowledge. DFT studies on the structure were performed at the B3LYP/6-31+G(d,p)//SMD(H2O) level of theory to elucidate the electronic properties, quantum descriptors and charge distribution. Electronic structure results revealed that DOF possesses a high-lying HOMO, low chemical hardness, and strong global softness, indicating a strong tendency to donate electrons to the Fe (110) surface. QTAIM and NCI analyses confirmed the presence of mixed electrostatic and weak covalent interactions involving the amino and amide functional groups, which stabilise the adsorption process. MC simulations further demonstrated the thermodynamic favorability of DOF adsorption, with a total energy of -127.65 kcal/mol, an adsorption energy of -165.16 kcal/mol, and a minimal deformation energy of 0.29 kcal/mol, indicating a stable, spontaneous interaction without significant structural distortion. These combined computational results show that DOF forms a strongly adsorbed, protective molecular layer on Fe(110) in aqueous media, making it a promising candidate for corrosion inhibition applications. The molecular insights obtained here not only clarify its inhibition mechanism but also provide a theoretical foundation for future studies on designing even more efficient benzamide-based corrosion inhibitors.
Copyright (c) 2025 Abosede Adejoke Badeji (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Suction/Injection and Double Stratification Effects on MHD Flow Between Infinite Vertical Porous Plates with Variable Temperature and Mass Diffusion
The effects of thermal and mass stratification, combined with either suction or injection, on unsteady Newtonian MHD parabolic incompressible fluid flowing through infinite vertical stationary porous plates have been investigated, considering variable temperature and mass diffusion. Appropriate dimensionless quantities were used to represent the governing coupled partial differential equations in non-dimensional form. The perturbation method and the Laplace transform technique were used to decouple and transform these partial differential equations into ordinary differential equations. The analytical solutions were obtained for unitary Prandtl and Schmidt numbers using the characteristic method and the method of undetermined coefficients. Using shift and convolution theories, the result was presented in the time domain and numerically illustrated in MATLAB. The study indicates that the concentration, temperature, and velocity profiles increase with increasing suction and double stratification, and decrease with increasing injection in the presence of stratification. Increasing the thermal (Gr) and mass (Gc) Grashof numbers results in higher fluid velocity while lowering concentration and temperature. Temperature and concentration increase with increasing magnetic parameter, while the velocity decreases. As the Darcy number increases, the concentration, temperature, and velocity decrease. The study has applications in the design of reactor cooling systems.
Copyright (c) 2025 Muhammad Izhar Muazu, Emem Ayankop Andi, Kpop Moses Joseph, Abubakar Abdullahi Wachin (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
First-Principles Study of the Structural, Mechanical, and Electronic Properties of Ba3AsCl3 Perovskite for Optoelectronics and Solar Cell Applications
Inorganic lead-free halide perovskites with the A3BX3 structure have recently attracted considerable attention in recent years due to their excellent optoelectronic properties. Ba₃AsCl₃, a pnictogen-based inorganic halide perovskite, emerges as a promising candidate owing to the chemical stability of barium-based crystal structures and the potential of arsenic-derived compounds to exhibit favourable electronic structures. This study presents a detailed first-principles calculation of the structural, elastic, mechanical, and electronic properties of Ba3AsCl3 inorganic lead-free perovskite using the Quantum Espresso code. The generalized gradient approximation (GGA) with Perdew–Burke–Ernzerhof (PBE) functional was used to determine the electron exchange and correlation energy. Geometry optimization and variable-cell relaxation verify the stability of the compound in its cubic phase with an optimized lattice parameter of 6.49 <!-- [if gte msEquation 12]><m:oMath><m:r>Å</m:r></m:oMath><![endif]--> <span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 107%; font-family: 'Calibri',sans-serif; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; position: relative; top: 3.0pt; mso-text-raise: -3.0pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;"><!-- [if gte vml 1]><v:shapetype id="_x0000_t75" coordsize="21600,21600" o:spt="75" o:preferrelative="t" path="m@4@5l@4@11@9@11@9@5xe" filled="f" stroked="f"> <v:stroke joinstyle="miter"/> <v:formulas> <v:f eqn="if lineDrawn pixelLineWidth 0"/> <v:f eqn="sum @0 1 0"/> <v:f eqn="sum 0 0 @1"/> <v:f eqn="prod @2 1 2"/> <v:f eqn="prod @3 21600 pixelWidth"/> <v:f eqn="prod @3 21600 pixelHeight"/> <v:f eqn="sum @0 0 1"/> <v:f eqn="prod @6 1 2"/> <v:f eqn="prod @7 21600 pixelWidth"/> <v:f eqn="sum @8 21600 0"/> <v:f eqn="prod @7 21600 pixelHeight"/> <v:f eqn="sum @10 21600 0"/> </v:formulas> <v:path o:extrusionok="f" gradientshapeok="t" o:connecttype="rect"/> <o:lock v:ext="edit" aspectratio="t"/> </v:shapetype><v:shape id="_x0000_i1025" type="#_x0000_t75" style='width:6pt; height:13.5pt'> <v:imagedata src="file:///C:/Users/USER/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image001.png" o:title="" chromakey="white"/> </v:shape><![endif]--> . This is in good agreement with available theoretical data. The calculated elastic constants indicate that Ba₃AsCl₃ is mechanically stable with a shear modulus of 16.03 GPa, a Young modulus of 40.01 GPa, and a bulk modulus of 27.01GPa. The calculated machinability index, Hardness, and anisotropy index indicate that Ba₃AsCl₃ has a high machinability index, moderately hard and anisotropic in nature, while Poisson's ratio of 0.251 and the negative value of the Cauchy pressure indicate that it is slightly brittle in nature. Electronic properties investigation reveals that Ba₃AsCl₃ is a direct band gap semiconductor with a band gap value of 0.934eV (with SOC) and 0.976 eV (without SOC). The density of states (DOS) and PDOS show the conduction band minimum, and the valence band maximum located along the high symmetry point Γ, and the contributions of the orbitals in the electronic state. Ba3AsCl3’s bandgap enables near-infrared absorption and efficient charge generation. Overall, this study offers valuable insights into the properties of Ba3AsCl3, suggesting potential for optoelectronics and solar cell applications.
Copyright (c) 2025 Yusra Abdullahi Sade, Garba Babaji, Abdullahi Lawal, Abdulkadir S Gidado (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Comparative Assessment of Growth, Nutrient Utilization and Profitability of Clarias gariepinus (Burchell, 1822) Fed Locally Manufactured Feeds and a Foreign Feed
In this study, 240 juvenile Clarias gariepinus fish fed three locally manufactured fish feeds (F2, F3, and F4) as well as a foreign feed (F1) were examined for growth performance and nutrient consumption. Three treatments and a control were administered in triplicate during the twelve (12) week investigation, which used a completely randomized design. Water samples and morphometric measurements were collected biweekly. The objectives of this study were to determine the growth performance, nutrient consumption, survival rate, and cost-effectiveness of C. gariepinus fed three locally produced fish feeds and a foreign feed. The findings showed that the temperature, dissolved oxygen, and pH of the water were all within the permissible range. From the feeding trials, it was observed that all samples utilized the trial diets effectively. Nonetheless, the fish given F1 gained the most weight (185.73g), followed by F2 (170.24g), F4 (166.46 g), and F3 (149.17 g). There was no discernible difference (p>0.05) in the fish's weight growth after consuming various feeds. The SGR showed no significant difference, where F3-fed fish had the lowest specific growth rate (3.27), whereas F4, F2 and F1-fed fish had 3.39g, 3.44g and 3.53g, respectively. Fish fed F3 had the highest survival rate (93.33%), while fish fed F4 had the lowest (88.33%). However, fish fed F1 had the highest feed conversion ratio (1.42), while fish fed F2 had the lowest (1.29). Significant difference was not observed in FCR and survival rate (p>0.05) across fish that were fed various feeds. Despite fish fed F1 having the highest SGR (3.53), it had the lowest net profit (₦−87.45), whereas F4 yielded the highest net profit (₦80.41, p<0.05) followed by F2 (₦11.6) and F3 (₦4.75). This study revealed that although the foreign feed (F1) had the best growth performance and nutrient utilization, locally manufactured feeds can be more profitable for fish farmers because they are lower in cost than foreign feeds.
Copyright (c) 2025 Panda Ahmad Anas, Timothy Auta, Armaya’u Bichi Hamisu, Sadauki Amadu Mustapha (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Integrated Phytochemical Profiling (GC-MS/FTIR), Molecular Docking, and Bioevaluation of Vernonia amygdalina and Psidium guajava Against Multidrug-Resistant Salmonella typhi
Typhoid fever is caused by Salmonella enterica serovar Typhi (S. Typhi). It is a major public health challenge in resource limited settings especially when Multidrug resistant (MDR) strains of S. Typhi are encountered as they generally complicate treatment. This research assessed the phytochemical qualities and bioactivities of Vernonia amygdalina (Bitter Leaf) and Psidium guajava (Guava) for their ability to inhibit the growth of MDR S. Typhi. The disk diffusion and broth dilution methods were used to test the antimicrobial activity of methanolic agar. V. amygdalina had a relatively higher activity with an inhibition zone (ZOI) of 11–14 mm, minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of 50 mg/mL and minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) of 100 mg/mL compared to P. guajava with an inhibition zone (ZOI) of 10–13 mm, minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of 100 mg/mL and minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) of 150 mg/mL. The joint use of V. amygdalina and P. guajava gave better results (ZOI: 14–18.5 mm; MIC/MBC: 50 mg/mL). Using chromatography, the major bioactive components were identified as thymol, limonene and oleic acid, which showed high binding affinity to S. typhi. In silico docking studies were used to evaluate targets of S. typhi virulence including DNA gyrase and the SipD protein. Safety evaluations of the extracts at therapeutic doses in Wistar rats by means of acute and sub-chronic toxicity tests did not cause any lethality or severe adverse effects. Histopathological and biochemical studies showed mild hepatorenal effects at high doses that were reversible. The results bolster the ancient use of these plants and also signifies their potentials as alternative or supplementary medicines against MDR typhoid fever. Future research should focus on clinical trial for further formulation and mechanism studies to realize their clinical applications.
Copyright (c) 2025 Zaharaddeen Usman, Fatima Mukhtar, Baha’uddeen Salisu, Abdulbari Dandashire Saleh (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Hydrochemical Evaluations and Public Health Implications of Borehole Water in an Internally Displaced Persons Camp, Maiduguri, Nigeria
This study evaluated seasonal differences in physicochemical parameters and the Water Quality Index (WQI) of borehole water used by IDPs in the FTC Camp, Maiduguri, during the wet and dry seasons to determine its suitability for consumption. A structured questionnaire was used to obtain socio-demographic data. Water samples were collected from 4 boreholes at the FTC camp 3 times in the wet and dry seasons. During the wet and dry seasons, temperature, colour, pH, turbidity, major and trace metals, and dissolved constituents were determined using standard analytical procedures. Important parameters such as pH, Cl⁻, SO₄²⁻, NO₃⁻, NO₂⁻, Mg²⁺, Na⁺, Cu²⁺, Cr³⁺, Mn²⁺, Fe²⁺, F⁻, and Zn²⁺ were weighted according to the 2007 Nigerian Industrial Standards for Water Quality. High weights were assigned to trace ions and nutrients due to their potential toxicity. The concentrations of the parameters were described by season using descriptive statistics. IDPs are mainly female, young, and less educated, with large household sizes. These attributes outline the key weaknesses that need to be addressed with a humanitarian focus. Some important parameters include temperature: 21.60°C (wet season), 25.03°C (dry season); pH 6.95-7.26; TDS 101.00-219.75 mg/l; and trace metals, all within the acceptable range. All the physicochemical parameters had seasonal changes. The WQI values were 26.30 (wet season) and 31.65 (dry season), indicating that the water is not suitable for domestic use, as reported in past literature for some areas of Maiduguri. The physicochemical findings suggest that the borehole water is basically safe for consumption. The WQI is poor, implying that the vulnerable IDPs could be at risk. It is strongly advised to regularly monitor, provide treatment, and include health risk assessment (HQ, HI, HPI) to protect public health.
Copyright (c) 2025 David Tobi Olaleye, Amos Femi Olaleye, Oluwaseun Abigail Olaleye, Temitope Olayinka Ebunola (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
A K-means Clustering Analysis to Assess Educators' and Students' Perceptions of Digital Technology in Higher Education
Digital technology has transformed the way teaching and learning are approached, shifting from a teacher-centered model to a student-centered one. Educators and students are the key stakeholders driving the integration of digital technology into educational processes. Many studies have examined educators' and students' perceptions of digital technology use through descriptive analyses. However, descriptive analysis cannot uncover complex non-linear relationships between the main explanatory variables. It also depends on domain experts to identify important features for investigating the phenomenon. Therefore, a detailed examination of faculty and student perceptions of digital technology in education is necessary, and machine learning offers powerful tools, such as advanced algorithms, to better detect patterns in data. This study gathers data from educators and students at Nigerian higher education institutions through questionnaires. The data is analyzed using the K-means clustering algorithm to identify trends in perceptions of digital technology use in teaching and learning. The results show three groups among educators: laggards, adorers, and adopters, representing low, moderate, and high levels of integration and perception, respectively. Student perceptions of digital technology integration follow a similar pattern but with greater variability. Findings suggest the need for sufficient digital technology resources in higher education and for strategies to support educators and students with low perceived benefit and low integration of digital technologies in academic activities, especially by integrating professional development training for educators into pedagogy.
Copyright (c) 2025 Umar Faruk Abdulhamid, Muhammad Aminu Ahmad, Mohammed Ibrahim (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Reproductive and Phenotypic Performance of Hybrid Crosses Between GIFT and Red Tilapia Strains
The reproductive and hybrid potentials of hybrids derived from a partial diallel cross between GIFT (Genetically Improved Farmed Tilapia) and Red Tilapia strains were evaluated. A partial diallel cross was initiated to produce a strain of tilapia with commercial appeal because of its inherited reddish coloration and superior growth rate with efficient feed conversion of GIFT tilapia. Broodstock of GIFT and Red tilapia were selected by size, maturity, and colour traits Four mating combinations of R × G (Red ♂ × GIFT ♀), G × R, R × R, G × G were paired in triplicate and placed in the hapas (1 × 1.5 × 1 m) that was placed in 10 m² earthen ponds at a 1:3 (male x female) ratio. Four mating cycles were carried out at the time when swim-up fry were recorded. Total fry counts were analysed by one-way ANOVA (Duncan’s test, p ≤ 0.05). The expressed phenotype of: Red, Spotted Red, Wild, and Mixed colouration was recorded and descriptively compared. The highest number of fry was recorded in the pure strain (G × G and R × R: 161.5 ± 0.06–1.71 fry), followed by R × G (156.75 ± 0.13–0.30) and G × R (153.25 ± 0.28–0.43) (p < 0.05). The purebred bred true while the hybrids produced phenotypes: R × G (63 Red, 26.3 Spotted, 45.5 Wild, 22.8 Mixed) and G × R (36.5 Red, 25.3 Spotted, 72 Wild and 19 Mixed colouration), this infers additive gene action with sex-linked effect G × R hybrids exhibited hybrid vigor for early fry growth but reduced reproductive output, making them suitable for grow-out systems, whereas pure lines are vital for consistent seed supply and uniform colour.
Copyright (c) 2025 Jerimoth Kesena Ekelemu, Oster Francis Nwachi (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Eco-Friendly Fabrication and Characterization of ZnO Nanoparticles, PANI, and ZnO-PANI Nanocomposites
The increasing presence of organic pollutants, such as dyes and pharmaceutical residues, in water systems poses significant environmental and health risks, requiring the development of effective, sustainable cleanup technologies. In this study, we report the synthesis and detailed characterization of polyaniline (PANI), Zinc oxide (ZnO) nanoparticles, and ZnO/PANI nanocomposites as promising materials for environmental cleanup. The nanocomposites were produced via chemical oxidative polymerization, embedding ZnO nanoparticles within a PANI matrix to enhance their photocatalytic activity. Advanced techniques such as Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM), Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM), X- ray Diffraction (XRD), Energy Dispersive X- ray Spectroscopy (EDX), and Brunauer–Emmett–Teller (BET) for surface area analysis were used to explore the structural, morphological, elemental, and surface properties of the individual components and the composite. TEM images showed uniform dispersion of ZnO nanoparticles within the PANI matrix and strong interfacial contact, aiding efficient charge separation. XRD confirmed the formation of a new crystalline phase in the composite and a significant decrease in crystallite size, indicating successful nanocomposite creation. EDX verified the elemental composition and even distribution of Zn, O, C, and N, while BET measurements indicated a notable increase in surface area (235.5 m²/g) and optimal pore size (~2.2-2.1 nm) in the nanocomposite compared to the individual components. This research introduces ZnO/PANI nanocomposites as a powerful, scalable material for advanced water treatment, providing a cost-effective and eco-friendly solution for degrading stubborn organic contaminants.
Copyright (c) 2025 Sulaiman Babayo Ali, Auwal Adamu Mahmoud, Dahiru Adamu Ajiya, Istifanus Yarkasuwa Chindo, Bashir Musa (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Biopesticidal Activity of Balanites, Nigella, and Neem Essential Oils against Callosobruchus maculatus L. on Stored Cowpea (Vigna unguiculata L Walp) in Sudan Savanna, Nigeria
An experiment was conducted to assess the oviposition deterrence effect and identify bioactive compounds in some essential oils (EOs) on cowpea weevil (Callosobruchus maculatus L.) infesting stored cowpea (Vigna unguiculata L Walp). Three EOs, obtained from balanite, black seed, and neem; a synthetic insecticide; and a control were tested alongside three local cowpea cultivars (Dan Misra, Kwankwasiya, and Kananado). The treatments were applied at a rate of 2.5 mL per 50 g of cowpea (equivalent to 0.05 mL/g v/w). Treatments were arranged in a Completely Randomized Design (CRD) and were replicated three times. Data were collected on adult mortality, oviposition, and progeny emergence. Bioactive compounds with pesticidal properties were also analyzed. The data were subjected to analysis of variance (ANOVA), and significant means were separated using Duncan’s Multiple Range Test (DMRT) at 5% probability. Adult mortality was significantly (P<0.05) higher in insecticide-treated cowpeas 24 hours after infestation, followed by balanite oil. Black seed and neem oils performed similarly and were significantly more effective than the control. Complete oviposition deterrence was observed in insecticide-treated cowpeas, but the effects were not significantly different (P>0.05) from those of the EOs. Balanite oil recorded the lowest number of eggs among the EOs. Progeny emergence was significantly (P<0.05) lower in the EOs, but was comparable to the insecticide treatment and significantly different from the control. Bioactive compounds with insecticidal and repellent properties were identified using Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS), which included tetradecane, oleic acid, octadecanoic acid, tetradecanoic acid, 2,4-di-tert-butylphenol, and tetradecanoic acid in black seed and balanite oils, respectively. Based on these findings, essential oils, particularly balanite and black seed oils, could serve as environmentally friendly alternatives to synthetic insecticides for controlling bruchids in sustainable cowpea storage in the study area.
Copyright (c) 2025 Faith Agaezichi Ubani, Abdulhadi Muhammad (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0