UMYU Scientifica is a peer-reviewed, open-access journal that publishes regular research and review articles covering a wide range of subjects in the physical, environmental, and life sciences. UMYU Scientifica aims to promote the dissemination of scientific research progress within the Nigerian scientific community and beyond. The journal has the following major thematic subject areas: Agricultural Sciences and Biotechnology, Biochemistry, Botany, Chemistry, Computer Science, Geography, Geology, Mathematics, Microbiology, Physics, Statistics, and Zoology. The journal is published by the Faculty of Natural and Applied Sciences, Umaru Musa Yar’adua University, Katsina, Nigeria.
Umaru Musa Yar'adua University Katsina, NG
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Prevalence and Phenotypic Characterization of Bacteria Isolated from Patients with Breast Cancer at Rasheed Shekoni Federal University Teaching Hospital, Dutse, Jigawa State, Nigeria
Breast cancer is the leading cause of cancer-related mortality in Nigeria, with patients frequently experiencing immunosuppression due to the disease and its treatments. This condition often leads to bacterial infections and dysbiosis, particularly in ulcerated or necrotic lesions, thereby complicating healing and clinical outcomes. This study investigated the prevalence and antibiotic susceptibility of aerobic bacteria in breast cancer patients at Rasheed Shekoni Federal University Teaching Hospital, Dutse, Jigawa State, Nigeria. A total of 272 breast swab samples were collected from patients with ulcerated or discharging lesions. Microbiological analysis revealed that 43.4% (118) of the samples had positive bacterial growth, while 56.6% showed no growth. Among the isolates, Gram-negative bacteria were more prevalent (59.3%) than Gram-positive species (40.6%). Staphylococcus aureus was the most frequently identified species (30.5%), followed by Escherichia coli (26.3%), Proteus spp. (19.5%), and Klebsiella spp. (13.5%). Antibiotic susceptibility testing using the Kirby-Bauer disc diffusion method indicated significant multidrug resistance (MDR). Gram-positive isolates were resistant to rifampicin andStreptomycin, while Gram-negative isolates showed extensive resistance to older agents and several cephalosporins. However, both groups remained sensitive to Ciprofloxacin and gentamicin. The findings highlight a predominant colonization of opportunistic pathogens in breast cancer lesions, which may impede wound healing. The study underscores the need for regular microbiological assessments, evidence-based antibiotic administration, and improved wound care protocols to manage infections and combat the growing challenge of antibiotic resistance in oncology settings.
Copyright (c) 2026 Nura Garba Haris, Lawal Danjuma, Salim Faruk Bashir, Hassan Muhammad Musa (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Geology and Economic Potential of Manawaji and Environs, Gulani Area, Upper Benue Trough, Nigeria
Understanding the geology of an area is vital for assessing its economic potential. This study evaluates the lithology and economic significance of rocks around Manawaji, Upper Benue Trough, northeastern Nigeria. Field mapping and petrographic examination of representative samples identified Bima Formation sandstones, fossiliferous Pindiga limestones, crystalline limestone, mylonite, and columnar basalts in the area. The sandstones are medium- to coarse-grained, quartz-dominated, and cemented by hematite with minor microcline feldspar. The Pindiga limestones contain ammonite assemblages, whereas the crystalline limestone shows a microcrystalline calcite with fine-grained texture and absence of twinning, suggesting formation under low-stress, non-metamorphic, hydrothermal conditions. The mylonite occurs as boulder-like outcrops showing grain-size reduction, oriented quartz and biotite, and depletion of feldspar and muscovite in thin section, consistent with a quartz–biotite mylonite type. Columnar basalts consist mainly of olivine, pyroxene, and opaque minerals that are possibly titanomagnetite or ilmenite. Collectively, these lithologies record a tectonomagmatic evolution involving Pan-African crustal reworking, Mesozoic rifting and sedimentation, Tertiary volcanism, and post-magmatic hydrothermal alteration. The rocks exhibit economic potential as sources of construction aggregate, basalt fiber, dimension stone, gemstones, and groundwater reservoirs, with possible metal enrichment in sedimentary units. Future studies should incorporate geochemical mapping, geophysical surveys, and advanced analytical techniques (XRF, XRD, SEM, LA-ICP-MS) to confirm the rocks classification, delineate enrichment zones and evaluate the extractive viability of the identified resources.
Copyright (c) 2025 Abdulbari Dandashire Saleh, Ahmed Isah Haruna, Abubakar Sadiq Maigari, Alamin Ahmad Muhammad, Abdulmajid Isa Jibrin, Umar Sambo Umar, Muhammad Sanusi Idris, Nuru Abdullahi Nabage, Idris Isma’il Kariya, Baha’uddeen Salisu, Abdullahi Shehu Ibrahim (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Assessing Healthcare Accessibility Using Euclidean GIS Methods in Data-Constrained Rural Settings: Evidence from Yobe State, Nigeria
Spatial accessibility to healthcare remains a critical challenge in rural and semi-urban regions where limited or incomplete road network data constrain the application of conventional network-based GIS models. This study evaluates the effectiveness of Euclidean (straight-line) distance modelling as a contextually appropriate alternative for assessing healthcare accessibility in data-constrained environments. A cross-sectional geospatial design was employed, involving a complete census of 46 healthcare facilities and 146 settlements across Nangere Local Government Area, Yobe State, Nigeria. Facility coordinates were obtained through GPS survey and analysed using GIS techniques including Average Nearest Neighbour (ANN), buffer analysis, and desire-line mapping. Results indicate a dominance of primary healthcare facilities, with only one secondary-level facility and no tertiary facility in the study area. ANN analysis produced a nearest-neighbour ratio of 1.09 (z = 1.135; p = 0.256), suggesting a random to slightly dispersed spatial distribution. Accessibility assessment based on the WHO 5 km benchmark revealed significant service gaps, with 51 settlements located beyond 5 km, recording an average distance of 7.71 km and a maximum of 12.83 km to the nearest facility. In contrast, only 13 settlements were within 1 km, indicating highly uneven spatial coverage. Population facility analysis further revealed disparities, with wards such as Pakarau and Tikau (populations 22,297 and 19,721, respectively) having only one PHCC each, far below recommended standards. Similarly, only 5 maternity/PHC facilities exist against a projected requirement of 24, highlighting critical infrastructure deficits. The study demonstrates that although Euclidean distances tend to underestimate actual travel distances, they reliably preserve spatial patterns of accessibility and effectively identify underserved areas. It concludes that Euclidean GIS modelling provides a practical, transparent, and sufficiently robust tool for healthcare accessibility assessment in data-limited rural settings. The study recommends the integration of GIS-based planning for equitable facility siting, prioritization of settlements beyond 5 km, and investment in geospatial data systems to support future hybrid accessibility modelling.
Copyright (c) 2026 Ibrahim Audu Abubakar, Nura Garba, Ali Badema (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Response Surface Optimization, Isotherm, Kinetic and Thermodynamic Studies of Methylene Blue Adsorption onto Conductive Poly(3-butylthiophene)
Conductive poly(3-butylthiophene) (P3BT) was synthesized via oxidative polymerization and investigated as an adsorbent for methylene blue (MB) removal from aqueous solutions. Structural characterization using FTIR, SEM, XRD, and BET analyses confirmed the formation of a porous semi-crystalline polymer with a BET surface area of 392.5 m² g⁻¹ and abundant adsorption-active sites. Adsorption parameters, including pH, adsorbent dosage, initial dye concentration, contact time, and temperature, were optimized using Response Surface Methodology (RSM) based on Box–Behnken Design. The developed quadratic model was statistically significant (p < 0.0001) with excellent predictive capability (R² = 0.9987), and the adjusted R² and predicted R² were in agreement, with no significant lack of fit. Under optimized conditions of pH 7.5, 0.55 g L⁻¹ adsorbent dosage, 105 mg L⁻¹ dye concentration, 70 min contact time, and 40 °C, a maximum adsorption capacity of 270.46 mg g⁻¹ and 99.6% methylene blue removal efficiency were achieved. Adsorption equilibrium followed the Langmuir isotherm model (R² = 0.9939), indicating monolayer adsorption on homogeneous active sites, while adsorption kinetics followed the pseudo-second-order model (R² = 0.9978), suggesting adsorption was governed predominantly by surface interaction processes. Thermodynamic studies revealed spontaneous, endothermic adsorption, characterized by a negative Gibbs free energy (ΔG° < 0) and a positive enthalpy change (ΔH° = 60.01 kJ mol⁻¹). Regeneration studies showed that P3BT retained approximately 59% adsorption efficiency after five adsorption–desorption cycles, demonstrating moderate reusability and structural stability. The findings establish that conductive P3BT is a promising high-capacity adsorbent for the remediation of dye-contaminated wastewater.
Copyright (c) 2026 Shuaibu Abdullahi, Sani Muhammad Gumel, Shehu Habibu, Magaji Ladan, Mansur Bala Ibrahim, Jibrin Muhammad Yelwa, Dini Sabo (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Anaerobic Co-Digestion of Cattle Dung and Typha latifolia: Influence of Biomass Form on Biogas Yield, Gas Quality and Digestion Kinetics
Anaerobic digestion provides an effective pathway for converting organic waste into renewable energy while simultaneously addressing environmental management challenges. This study evaluates the mesophilic anaerobic co-digestion of cattle dung with Typha latifolia biomass in two physical forms: fresh and powdered. Batch digesters were operated for 38 days, and reactor performance was assessed through daily and cumulative biogas production, methane concentration, hydrogen sulfide levels, and digestion kinetics. The results showed that co-digestion with fresh Typha latifolia (FTCD) produced the highest cumulative biogas yield (351.74 mL per reactor), representing a substantial improvement over cattle dung mono-digestion (234.05 mL). In contrast, reactors containing powdered biomass (PTCD) exhibited extremely low gas production (3.50 mL), indicating strong process inhibition. Statistical analysis using one-way ANOVA confirmed a significant effect of substrate composition on daily biogas production (p < 0.001). Methane concentration was consistently higher in FTCD reactors, suggesting improved metabolic stability during co-digestion. Kinetic modelling using the Modified Gompertz equation indicated higher biogas potential and production rate for the FTCD system, while the PTCD system exhibited a prolonged lag phase and minimal biodegradation. The findings demonstrate that fresh Typha latifolia can serve as an effective co-substrate with cattle dung under mesophilic conditions, whereas drying and powdering the biomass negatively affect digestion performance. These results highlight the importance of substrate form in macrophyte-based biogas systems and support the use of minimally processed wetland biomass for renewable energy production.
Copyright (c) 2026 Saddam Saleh Yusuf, Muhammad Ismail, Jibrin Abdullahi, Abdulrazak Ahmed, Ahmad Ahmad Salim, Mashi Hassan Muhammad (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Spatial and Predictive Modelling for Antimicrobial Resistance in Livestock: A Systematic Review
Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) in livestock has emerged as a major global threat, with direct implications for public health, food security, and sustainable development under the One Health framework. Livestock production systems significantly contribute to global antimicrobial use, exerting selective pressures that drive the establishment and rapid spread of resistant infections across the animal, human, and environmental interfaces. This review examines existing studies on the spatial distribution of AMR in livestock, with emphasis on surveillance databases, spatial statistical techniques, and modeling methods. This underscores the importance of global AMR surveillance resources, such as the ResistanceBank, an open-access livestock AMR database. This systematic review, conducted using the PRISMA guidelines, searched three databases (PubMed, Scopus, and Google Scholar) for studies published between 2016 and 2025. After duplicates were removed and the remaining articles were screened by two independent reviewers based on predefined inclusion and exclusion criteria, 13 studies were included. Study quality was appraised using the McMaster critical evaluation framework, and data on study characteristics, together with the key findings, were extracted. Some studies employed hybrid modeling techniques; most applied spatial modeling (84.62%); over half used Machine Learning (ML) techniques; and some included statistical modeling approaches (53.85%). Spatial analyses revealed clustering, hotspots, and spillover patterns of AMR. ML models exhibited strong predictive performance for AMR features. Hybrid modeling approaches enhanced robustness and interpretability by capturing epidemiological processes and integrating heterogeneous datasets. In conclusion, this review showed that integrating spatial analysis with predictive modeling provides a robust framework for advancing livestock antimicrobial resistance surveillance, improving risk identification, and supporting targeted antimicrobial stewardship and policy interventions.
Copyright (c) 2026 Rodiat Olabisi Omotoso, Ismail Ayoade Odetokun, Toyeeb Olamilekan Abubakar, Adebowale Olusola Adejumo (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Machine-Learning Integration of Geophysical Responses for Predicting Metallurgical and Environmental Indicators in Mineral Systems
The sustainability of mineral development increasingly depends on early understanding of ore processability and environmental behavior rather than ore grade alone. This study presents a data-driven framework that integrates multi-physics geophysical data (magnetic, electrical resistivity, induced polarization, and electromagnetic) with machine-learning models to predict metallurgical and environmental indicators at the exploration stage. Geophysical attributes were derived from datasets covering 187 mining locations within a Precambrian basement terrain in southwestern Nigeria. Proxy indicators for mineral liberation, recovery potential, comminution behavior, and environmental risk were developed based on established geophysical–mineralogical relationships. Supervised machine-learning models (random forest and gradient boosting) were trained and evaluated using cross-validation. The models achieved classification accuracies ranging between approximately 75% and 82% across key indicator classes, demonstrating that geophysical signatures—particularly chargeability and resistivity contrasts—provide meaningful predictive insight into subsurface processability and environmental response. However, predictions remain proxy-based and do not replace direct metallurgical testing. The framework offers a scalable approach for integrating processability and environmental considerations into early-stage mineral exploration, especially in data-scarce and artisanal mining contexts.
Copyright (c) 2026 Damilare Stephen Adepehin, Pauline Oluwatoyin Ijila, Adeyemi Paul Adesope, Elochukwu Emmanuel Okoye, Inalegwu Adoche Ngbede, Mary Tongha Ekwu (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
A QoS-Aware Utility-Based Forwarding Strategy for Opportunistic Routing in Vehicular Ad Hoc Networks (VANETs)
Opportunistic routing improves robustness in Vehicular Ad Hoc Networks (VANETs) by delaying relay selection until transmission time, but baseline schemes may not explicitly optimize Quality-of-Service (QoS) requirements such as delay, jitter, and bandwidth. This paper proposes A-BOR (Adaptive BOR), a QoS-aware enhancement of Bitmap-Based Opportunistic Routing (BOR) that ranks candidate forwarding options using a lightweight utility function and a feedback mechanism to refresh QoS indicators under dynamic conditions. A routing-layer VANET simulation with 100 mobile nodes under Manhattan-grid mobility is used for evaluation with Time-to-Live (TTL) = 60 s, 500 injected packets over a 200 s injection window, and a 600 s simulation duration. Results over 50 independent runs (mean ± 95% confidence interval) show that A-BOR improves packet delivery ratio (0.254 ± 0.023 vs 0.089 ± 0.009) and throughput (2598.5 ± 231.8 bps vs 906.4 ± 95.9 bps) compared with BOR, while reducing mean end-to-end delay (39.37 ± 1.25 s vs 41.96 ± 1.68 s) and jitter (5.04 ± 0.62 s vs 12.81 ± 1.90 s). These findings indicate that QoS-aware utility-based relay selection with feedback can improve reliability and delivery stability in dynamic VANET environments.
Copyright (c) 2026 Fahad Isah Adam, Babangida Zubairu, Aminu Adamu (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
In-vitro Inhibition of Non-fluorescent - Non-crosslinking AGEs by Borassus aethiopum Fruit and Leaf Fractions
Non-enzymatic glycation is a reaction between aldehyde groups in reducing sugars and amino groups in proteins, resulting in advanced glycation end products (AGEs) formation. Increased accumulation of tissue AGEs has been linked to numerous diabetic complications. Borassus aethiopum (African fan palm) has been reported to have pro-apoptotic, anti-inflammatory, and antipyretic activities. This study aimed to examine the antiglycation activity of Borrasus aethiopum fruits and leaf fractions targeting non-fluorescent and non-crosslinking AGEs in vitro. Plant materials were extracted using maceration technique and then subjected to partitioning and thin-layer chromatography (TLC). Antiglycation assay was conducted using the BSA-Glucose model (using (mM) concentration) via UV-Vis detection, with aminoguanidine as the positive control. All experiments were carried out in triplicate, with data presented as mean ± standard deviation (SD), and analyzed using one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) in SPSS version 20. The most potent fraction was characterized using attenuated total reflection-fourier transform infrared spectrometry (ATR-FTIR). Antiglycation activity revealed that the fruit chloroform fraction had the highest percentage inhibition (43% at 0 mM) compared to the leaf chloroform fraction (22%). This difference was highly significant (p < 0.05) compared to the control (59%). FTIR results showed the presence of functional groups such as alcohols, carboxylic acids, amines, carboximide, and nitro compounds, which have been reported to have therapeutic properties. Chloroform fractions of Borrasus aethiopum fruits have moderate antiglycation activity against non-fluorescent and non-crosslinking AGEs; this should be further explored to elucidate key principles for drug design and discovery.
Copyright (c) 2026 Hauwa Usman Salisu, Shehu Hassan Muhammad, Fauzeeyah Aliyu Oyiza, Murja Danja Ibrahim, Abdullahi Sallau Balarabe (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Comparative Cross-Sectional Assessment of Hand Hygiene Practices and Bacterial Contamination Among Human and Veterinary Healthcare Workers in Sokoto, Nigeria: A One Health Analysis
Hand hygiene is a cornerstone of infection prevention in both human and veterinary healthcare settings; however, suboptimal compliance continues to facilitate healthcare-associated and zoonotic infections, particularly in low-resource environments. Evidence comparing microbial contamination and hygiene practices across human and animal health sectors remains limited in Nigeria. A cross-sectional One Health study was conducted among healthcare workers in a tertiary hospital and a veterinary teaching clinic in Sokoto, Nigeria. Structured questionnaires assessed hand hygiene knowledge, practices, attitudes, and facility availability among 76 participants (46 hospital and 30 veterinary staff). Hand swab samples were collected from 52 participants and subjected to culture, total aerobic count (TAC) determination, and standard biochemical identification of bacterial isolates. Antimicrobial susceptibility testing was performed using the disk diffusion method. Statistical analyses included chi-square tests, t-tests, and one-way ANOVA, with significance set at p < 0.05. Overall, 52/76 (68.4%) hand swab samples were culture-positive, comprising 30 hospital and 22 veterinary samples. Predominant isolates included Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa, with environmental organisms such as Bacillus spp. more common among veterinary staff. Mean TAC varied significantly across hospital wards, with the highest values observed in intensive care units (7.24 log CFU/ml), while the majority of veterinary samples were too numerous to count despite serial dilution. Antimicrobial resistance was common, particularly among hospital isolates, and multidrug resistance was detected in 53.3% of hospital and 36.4% of veterinary isolates. Among hospital workers, 80.4% were aware of the WHO Five Moments for Hand Hygiene. No significant association was observed between professional category and hand hygiene awareness (p > 0.05). This study demonstrates substantial bacterial contamination of healthcare workers’ hands in both human and veterinary settings in Sokoto, with notable differences in microbial burden and resistance patterns. The findings highlight gaps in infection prevention infrastructure and underscore the importance of integrated One Health–based hand hygiene and antimicrobial resistance surveillance strategies across human and animal health sectors. The cross-sectional design and limited sample size should be considered when interpreting these findings.
Copyright (c) 2026 Mohammed Gazali Shuaibu, Amina Zakari Muhammad, Maryam Alkasim Sidi, Hauwa Adamu Yunusa (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Genetic Diversity Analysis and Molecular Characterization of some Groundnut (Arachis hypogaea L.) Genotypes using SSR-based Molecular Markers
The cultivated groundnut (Arachis hypogaea L.) is very important for food security and agriculture around the world, especially in sub-Saharan Africa. Understanding this crop's molecular genetic diversity is critical for developing efficient breeding techniques and implementing germplasm conservation programs. This study used 10 polymorphic Simple Sequence Repeat (SSR) markers to evaluate genetic variation among 14 cultivated groundnut genotypes, comprising 5 local Nigerian landraces and 9 improved varieties. A total of 71 polymorphic bands were identified across the genotypes, with the number of alleles per locus ranging from 4 to 13, yielding an average of 7.10 alleles per locus. The markers displayed considerable polymorphism, as evidenced by polymorphic information content (PIC) values ranging from 0.67 to 0.98, yielding a mean PIC of 0.89. There was also notable gene diversity (mean = 0.71), suggesting significant allelic variation within the population. Marker FWGNF135 exhibited the greatest allelic richness (13 alleles), while Fw-Gnf3810 achieved the highest PIC value (0.98), underscoring their strong ability to differentiate among genotypes. Shannon’s information index had an average value of 1.50 across the loci, further supporting the extensive genetic diversity represented by the marker set. The Analysis of Molecular Variance (AMOVA) demonstrated significant genetic differentiation among the genotypes (ΦPT = 0.162, P = 0.020). The majority of overall genetic variation (75%) was linked to differences within individuals, while 16% was found among populations and 9% within populations, suggesting moderate population differentiation and considerable within-individual diversity. Three unique genetic clusters have been identified by UPGMA analysis, which demonstrated considerable molecular divergence between local and enhanced germplasm and unambiguously distinguished the BAHAUSA (VAR11) landrace from the improved SAMNUT cultivars. The findings show that valuable genetic diversity is retained in farmer-maintained populations, and that SSR markers were highly effective in characterizing this variation and guiding strategic parent selection to improve yield and climatic resilience in groundnut breeding.
Copyright (c) 2026 Usman Abubakar, Abdu Sani Lawan, Mohammed Mayaki Bashir, Lawan Muhammad Buhari, Mohammed Sani Jibril, Nuraddeen Muhammad, Hassan Shuaibu Khalid (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Techno-Economic and Kinetic Modelling of Household-Scale Biogas Production from Domestic Organic Waste in Nigeria
This study presents a comprehensive techno-economic and kinetic modelling analysis of household-scale biogas production from domestic organic waste in Nigeria. Anaerobic digestion experiments were conducted using potato, onion, and banana peels co-digested with cow dung in a 25 L fixed-dome digester under mesophilic conditions. A total of fifteen substrate (digester) combinations were evaluated, varying proportions of potato, onion, banana peels, and cow dung. All experiments were conducted in triplicate (n = 3) for each substrate combination to ensure reproducibility and statistical validity. Biogas production was monitored over 180 days, and system performance was evaluated using First-Order, Chen–Hashimoto, and Modified Gompertz kinetic models, alongside artificial neural network (ANN) modelling. Results showed that digester A2 achieved the highest cumulative biogas yield, exceeding 300,000 mL, indicating superior substrate synergy. Among the kinetic models, the Modified Gompertz model provided the best fit (R² > 0.99), accurately describing methane production dynamics, while ANN modelling demonstrated high predictive accuracy for biogas yield. Thermodynamic analysis revealed stable gas properties with heat capacity ratios (γ ≈ 1.33), confirming consistent energy quality across digesters. Statistical analysis (ANOVA, p < 0.05) confirmed significant differences among substrate combinations, identifying high-performing digesters (G2, K2, L2). Techno-economic evaluation indicated strong feasibility, with a payback period of 1.8–3.5 years. Sensitivity analysis revealed that system profitability is highly dependent on biogas yield and energy utilization efficiency. Despite limitations related to scale and feedstock variability, the study demonstrates the viability of decentralized biogas systems for sustainable energy generation and waste management in Nigeria. The findings provide a validated, integrated framework combining experimental, modelling, and economic approaches, supporting the deployment of household-scale biogas technologies in developing regions.
Copyright (c) 2026 Habiba Ahmad Garba, Hassan Abdulsalam, Asmau Umar Ali, Amina Ahmad Musa (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Defect and Temperature Effects in MASnI3 Perovskite Solar Cells: A SCAPS-1D Simulation Study with Interface and Recombination Analysis
Tin-based perovskite solar cells (PSCs), particularly methylammonium tin triiodide (MASnI3), have emerged as promising lead-free alternatives to conventional lead-based devices. However, their performance is significantly limited by defect-induced recombination and thermal instability. In this work, a systematic SCAPS-1D simulation study is conducted to investigate the coupled effects of absorber thickness, bulk defect density, interface defect states, band alignment, and operating temperature on device performance. The simulation model is constructed using experimentally reported material parameters and benchmarked against literature-reported efficiency ranges (5–9%) to ensure physical relevance. Results indicate that an optimal absorber thickness of 600 nm yields a power conversion efficiency (PCE) of 17.31%, representing a balance between optical absorption and carrier transport. Bulk defect density is identified as the dominant performance-limiting factor, with PCE decreasing sharply from 25.05% to 4.47% as defect density increases from 10⁹ to 10¹⁶ cm⁻³ due to enhanced Shockley–Read–Hall recombination. Interface analysis reveals that the MASnI3/Spiro-OMeTAD junction is more sensitive to defect states than the TiO2/MASnI3 interface, leading to significant degradation in fill factor and current density at high trap densities. Band alignment optimization indicates that small positive offsets (0 to +0.20 eV) can suppress interfacial recombination while maintaining efficient charge extraction. Temperature-dependent analysis demonstrates performance improvement up to ~400 K, followed by degradation due to increased recombination and bandgap narrowing. Although the study is based on numerical simulation without direct experimental validation, the results are consistent with experimentally observed trends and provide semi-quantitative insights. The findings therefore offer practical design guidelines rather than absolute performance predictions, highlighting critical defect thresholds and interface engineering strategies for improving MASnI3 solar cell performance.
Copyright (c) 2026 Hassan Abdulsalam, Fatima Musa Lariski (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Defect-Mediated Cobalt-Doped SnO₂ Nanostructures for Enhanced Visible-Light Photocatalytic Degradation
The development of visible-light-responsive photocatalysts is essential for sustainable wastewater remediation. In this study, defect-engineered cobalt-doped SnO₂ nanostructures were synthesized via a co-precipitation method and evaluated for the photocatalytic degradation of Rhodamine B. X-ray diffraction analysis confirmed the formation of a tetragonal rutile phase, while peak shifts and broadening in the doped sample indicated lattice distortion and reduced crystallite size. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy revealed the presence of Co²⁺ species, mixed Sn⁴⁺/Sn²⁺ oxidation states, and abundant oxygen vacancies, confirming successful defect formation. Under visible-light irradiation, the 2 mol% Co–SnO₂ exhibited significantly enhanced photocatalytic performance, achieving approximately 99% degradation within 300 minutes, compared to ~80% for pristine SnO₂. Kinetic studies showed that the degradation follows pseudo-first-order behavior, with a rate constant of 0.00557 min⁻¹ for the doped sample, corresponding to an approximately 2.6-fold improvement. The enhanced activity is attributed to defect-induced charge separation, improved visible-light absorption, and suppressed electron–hole recombination. These results demonstrate that cobalt-induced defect engineering is an effective strategy for enhancing the photocatalytic efficiency of SnO₂ nanostructures for environmental applications.
Copyright (c) 2026 Danasabe Abdullahi Ibrahim, Adam Usman, Ahmed D Abubakar (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Breast Cancer Survival Rate Prediction Using Machine Learning Algorithm
Breast cancer is a formidable foe impacting numerous lives, emphasizing the critical need for accurate survival predictions to guide personalized treatment decisions. This research employed a machine learning algorithms, specifically decision tree models, for breast cancer survival prediction. The study seeks a model that deftly handles the intricacies of missing data and resonates meaningfully with the healthcare community. The study used a decision tree model, envisioning a precision virtuoso adeptly hitting the right notes, achieving a score of 0.73 for those overcoming breast cancer, a complex disease, and an admirable 0.87 for those navigating a more arduous journey. With a recall score of 0.90 for survivors, assuring that the majority are acknowledged. Simultaneously, with a score of 0.68 for those facing a more challenging path, it reveals a nuanced understanding of individuals who may not traverse it successfully. Delving into the nuanced realm of these metrics, the F1 score emerges as a meticulously choreographed dance, resonating at 0.81 for survivors and 0.76 for those facing formidable odds. This narrative isn't confined to numerical precision; it's a symphony of a model predicting with nuance. Stepping back, the overall accuracy of 0.79 was not merely a numerical outcome but the model's outstanding performance on the healthcare stage. Transcending precision, crafting a tool that converses in the language of healthcare professionals, facilitating nuanced decision-making. This research journey extended beyond numerical precision; it's an exploration into unraveling complexities and crafting a tool that transcends sterile lab origins. Envision this decision tree model not as an isolated entity but as a collaborative partner in diverse clinical environments. It's an evolving creation, refined based on real-world feedback, a symphony in harmony with the experiences of healthcare practitioners navigating the delicate terrain of breast cancer treatment. The model not only interprets data but comprehends the human stories behind it and aspires not merely to numerical accuracy but to a profound, positive impact on patient outcomes in the complex, real-world arena.
Copyright (c) 2026 Joshua Bature Hassan, Oparaji Nkem Anastasia, Alabi Orobosade Adewunmi, Esther Odunayo Oduntan, Olusegun Adeosun, Daniel Dauda Wisdom (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Antibiotic Susceptibility Pattern of Salmonella Enterica Serovar Typhi Isolated from Suspected Typhoid Fever Cases in General Hospital Minna
Background: Salmonella enterica subspecies enterica serovar Typhi, especially resistant strains, remains a major cause of typhoid fever, causing significant morbidity, mortality, and economic loss in poor, developing countries. This study investigated the antibiotic susceptibility patterns of S. Typhi isolated from stool samples of suspected typhoid fever patients at the General Hospital, Minna. Methods: Stool samples were collected from three hundred (300) suspected typhoid fever patients, and cultured for the detection of S. Typhi using standard microbiological techniques. The isolates were identified using relevant biochemical tests, and antibiotic susceptibility testing was performed using the Kirby-Bauer disk diffusion method. The susceptibility results were interpreted according to the CLSI standard, and isolates with a Multiple Antibiotic Resistant Index (MARI)> 0.7 were identified using molecular techniques. Similarly, ESBL production was investigated using the double-disk synergy test (DDST). Result: Overall, 17 (5.6%) stool samples were culture-positive for Salmonella Typhi. The isolates showed variable resistance to the antibiotics examined: ciprofloxacin (76.5%), cefotaxime (64.7%), ceftriaxone (58.8%), azithromycin (58.8%), levofloxacin (52.9%), and the least resistance (23.5%) to pefloxacin. Overall, 82.4% of the S. Typhi isolates were resistant to multiple antibiotics, with a multiple-antibiotic resistance index ranging from 0.3 to 0.9. Both isolates with ≥ 0.7 MARI were identified as Salmonella enterica with ≥ 99% per identity. Further results analysis revealed that none of the Salmonella Typhi produce ESBL phenotypically. These results underscore the endemicity of Typhoid fever in the study area and the need for a laboratory-guided diagnosis prior to antibiotic prescription to address the increasing resistance to potent, cheap antibiotics.
Copyright (c) 2026 Umar Dass Maryam, Nasiru Usman Adabara, Oladunni A Amuda, Abdulameen Saheed Adedeji, Alice Awukun Innocent, Abbati Muhammed Mahdi, Khadija Auwal (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Chemical Surface Functionalization of Woven Kenaf Preforms Using Methyl Methacrylate and Methyl Acrylate Monomers
This study investigated the surface modification of woven kenaf preforms to overcome their inherent hydrophilicity and enhance their thermal and surface properties. Graft copolymerization was carried out using methyl methacrylate (MMA) and methyl acrylate (MA) through a Fenton’s reagent-initiated free radical process under a nitrogen atmosphere. Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) analysis confirmed the formation of ester linkages, evidenced by characteristic carbonyl absorption peaks at 1725 cm⁻¹. The grafting percentage and efficiency were 22% and 46.2% for MMA, and 21.7% and 45.1% for MA, respectively, indicating effective monomer incorporation onto the kenaf preform surface. Thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) revealed enhanced thermal stability, with onset degradation temperatures increasing from 233.3°C for ungrafted kenaf to 275°C and 292°C for MMA- and MA-grafted samples, respectively. Similarly, the maximum degradation temperature increased from 275°C to 370°C and 365°C for MMA- and MA-grafted samples, respectively. Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) analysis revealed increased surface roughness and a uniform polymer coating on the modified preform, indicating successful coverage. These findings demonstrate that graft copolymerization significantly improves the thermal stability and surface characteristics of woven kenaf preforms.
Copyright (c) 2026 Mohammed J Bello, Jamila B Ali, Abdullahi Danladi, Muktari Suleiman, Hussaini D Ibrahim (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Physicochemical Modulation of Sulfadoxine Binding to Bovine Serum Albumin: Spectroscopic and Docking Insights
The interaction between Sulfadoxine (SD), an antimalarial drug, and bovine serum albumin (BSA) was analyzed under varying physicochemical conditions such as; temperature (303 K, 308 K, and 313 K), pH (6.9 and 7.4) and ionic strength (0.15 and 0.2mM) using fluorescence, UV-Vis, FTIR spectroscopy and molecular docking. This was done so as to understand the drug-protein binding mechanism and stability during systemic transport. Fluorescence emission spectra were recorded to exhibit gradual quenching by SD on BSA with the Stern-Volmer constants reduced with temperature, as expected signatures of a static quenching mechanism, and the formation of a SD-BSA complex. Thermodynamic parameters (ΔS = +33.90 J mol−1 K−1 and ΔH = −28.78 kJ mol−1) indicated that hydrogen bonding and van der Waals forces were the stabilizing interactions rendering moderate affinity binding (binding constant Ka = 2.10, 2.97, and 3.10 × 104 M-1) for all three temperatures. UV-Vis confirmed ground-state complex influences and FTIR indicated a change in the amide I and II indicating a change in conformation with the BSA. Sulfadoxine binding at the sites position was found by site marker displacement and molecular docking at Sudlow’s site II. These results indicated that SD-BSA interactions were regulated by pH, ionic strength, and temperature and thus established a mechanistic perspective on drug distribution and efficacy upon physiological or pathological changes (e.g. malaria infection, metabolic acidosis or pregnancy). The study could assist in more understanding of the pharmacokinetics of SD in preventative malaria treatment when pregnant.
Copyright (c) 2026 Fatima I Aliyu, Kabiru Abubakar Musa (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Assessment of Heavy Metal and Fecal Contamination in Domestic Well Water in Gumel Metropolis, Nigeria: Public Health Implications
Access to safe drinking water remains a critical public health challenge in many semi-arid regions of Nigeria. This study evaluated the bacteriological, physicochemical, and heavy metal quality of well water in Gumel Metropolis, Jigawa State, to assess its safety and potential health risks. Twenty-four well water samples were collected from four villages (Garin Gambo, Zuge, Maikarya, and Mele) over three months and analyzed using standard methods. The results revealed significant contamination. Physicochemical analysis showed that pH and temperature were within World Health Organisation (WHO) limits, but conductivity (up to 1332.67 µS/cm) and turbidity (up to 11.87 NTU) exceeded WHO guidelines, indicating ionic and sedimentary pollution. Bacteriologically, all samples were contaminated with total coliforms, with Most Probable Number (MPN) values reaching 723.33 MPN/100mL. Biochemical characterization confirmed the presence of pathogenic Escherichia coli and Klebsiella pneumoniae, indicating faecal pollution and a high risk of waterborne disease. Heavy metal analysis revealed alarming concentrations of Cadmium (0.28–0.53 mg/L), Lead (up to 0.04 mg/L), and Chromium (up to 0.33 mg/L), exceeding WHO standards by factors of 93–176, 4, and 6.6, respectively. The computed Heavy Metal Pollution Index (HPI) was critically high, ranging from 623 to 1156, far surpassing the critical threshold of 100. Statistical analysis using ANOVA showed no significant spatial variation (p > 0.05) for most parameters, indicating widespread pollution, whereas Pearson's correlation showed a significant negative relationship between zinc and MPN (r = -0.727, p < 0.05). The study concludes that well water in Gumel Metropolis is severely contaminated with heavy metals and pathogenic bacteria, posing serious health risks.
Copyright (c) 2026 Nafisa Haruna Sani, Peter Gimba Shiaka, Hindatu Yusuf, Salihu Yahuza, Sadiq Haruna, Aisha Buhari Salisu, Maimuna Tukur Ibrahim (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Isolation and Molecular Identification of Plant Growth-Promoting Bacillus subtilis from Rice Rhizosphere in North-Eastern Nigeria
Background: The use of plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR) as biofertilizers offers a sustainable alternative to synthetic inputs in rice cultivation. However, there is limited data on the diversity and functional potential of indigenous Bacillus species from rice rhizospheres in semi-arid regions of North-Eastern Nigeria. This study aimed to isolate and characterize native Bacillus species from the rice rhizosphere in Damaturu and evaluate their plant growth-promoting (PGP) potential for biofertilizer development. Methods: Ten rhizosphere soil samples (0–15 cm depth) were randomly collected from irrigated rice fields in Damaturu, Yobe State. Soil physicochemical properties were analyzed using standard methods. Bacterial isolation was performed by serial dilution (10⁻¹ to 10⁻⁷) and pour plating on nutrient agar. Isolates were preliminarily identified based on cultural, morphological, and biochemical characteristics. PGP traits, including indole-3-acetic acid (IAA) production, ammonia synthesis, and phosphate solubilization, were assessed in vitro. A representative Bacillus sp. isolate was subjected to molecular identification through partial 16S rRNA gene sequencing and phylogenetic analysis. Results: The rhizosphere soil was characterized as clay-loamy, slightly acidic to neutral (pH 6.1–7.1), and moderately fertile. Total heterotrophic bacterial counts ranged from 1.02×10¹¹ to 3.18×10¹¹ CFU/g. Seven rhizobacterial isolates were obtained, comprising Bacillus sp. (50%), Pseudomonas sp. (30%), and Azotobacter sp. (20%). All isolates demonstrated PGP traits, with Bacillus sp. strain S9 showing the highest colony count (3.18×10¹¹ CFU/g). Partial 16S rRNA gene sequencing revealed that strain Bacillus sp. S9 shared 93% sequence similarity with reference strains of Bacillus subtilis in the GenBank database. While this level of homology supports genus-level identification as Bacillus sp. Conclusion: Indigenous rhizobacteria from the rice rhizosphere in Damaturu, particularly Bacillus sp. strain S9, exhibit promising PGP traits and potential for biofertilizer development. However, further molecular characterization using full-length 16S rRNA sequencing is recommended to resolve species-level identity. Harnessing these native microbial resources could reduce dependency on chemical fertilizers and support sustainable rice (Oryza sativa L. FARO 44) cultivation in semi-arid agroecosystems.
Copyright (c) 2026 Sheriff Wakil, Ismail Yahaya Haruna, Alkali Allamin Ibrahim, Lawan Ngala Adam, Ahmed Abbator (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Navigating the Biosphere: Bioprospecting Natural Products for Overcoming Antibiotic Resistance – A Systematic Review and Quantitative Meta-Analysis
Antibiotic resistance represents a persistent and escalating global health crisis driven by evolutionary adaptation, environmental dissemination, and selective pressure from antimicrobial overuse. This systematic review synthesises 196 eligible studies (from 2,500 screened records) that investigate biosphere-derived natural products with activity against antibiotic-resistant pathogens. Searches were conducted across PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science, Embase, and Google Scholar following PRISMA 2020 guidelines. Across more than 420 unique compounds isolated from terrestrial plants (45.9%), marine organisms (14.8%), endophytic fungi (17.3%), actinomycetes (16.8%), and extremophiles (5.1%), random-effects meta-analysis demonstrated a pooled log10 minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of 1.18 (95% CI 0.96–1.40; I² = 72%). Antibacterial activity was significantly stronger against Gram-positive pathogens (log10 MIC 0.98) than Gram-negative organisms (1.36). Synergistic interactions (fractional inhibitory concentration index ≤ 0.5) occurred in 44% of evaluated combinations, restoring antibiotic efficacy by 8–16-fold in efflux-mediated resistance models. Marine and actinomycete-derived metabolites exhibited the lowest median MIC values (4–8 µg/mL) and the highest structural novelty indices (62–68%). Despite robust in vitro potency, only 30% of candidates progressed to in vivo validation, underscoring translational bottlenecks. Collectively, these findings quantitatively validate the biosphere as a strategic and chemically diverse reservoir for next-generation antimicrobial discovery and resistance-modifying therapies.
Copyright (c) 2026 Murtala Dandashire Sale, Baha’uddeen Salisu (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Experimental Investigation of Thermal Behavior and Optical Performance of High-Power White LEDs under Variable Operating Conditions
The performance and long-term reliability of high-power light-emitting diodes (LEDs) are strongly governed by junction temperature, which directly influences luminous output, efficiency, and device lifetime. While junction temperature is the fundamental parameter of interest, this study experimentally investigates the coupled thermal and optical behavior of high-power white LEDs by analyzing case temperature measurements, which serve as practical proxies for thermal performance. Three analyses were conducted: (i) luminous intensity variation with temperature for Luxeon Star LEDs driven at 100 mA, 200 mA, and 300 mA; (ii) transient thermal behavior of a 12 V DC LED module measured using both K-type thermocouple and infrared thermography; and (iii) thermal response of a 230 V AC LED lamp with integrated heat sink during 120 minutes of continuous operation. This study provides a novel multi-faceted comparative analysis by quantifying the measurement discrepancy between contact and non-contact thermometry under dynamic conditions, experimentally validating a first-order thermal model for a commercial AC LED lamp, and demonstrating current-dependent thermal resistance. Results demonstrate a clear inverse linear relationship between temperature and luminous output, with light output decreasing by approximately 4.5% over a 6°C rise at 300 mA drive current (temperature coefficient β = -0.62%/°C). Higher drive currents produce greater thermal stress and accelerated light degradation. Infrared measurements consistently reported temperatures 2–4°C higher than thermocouple readings due to emissivity and spatial averaging effects. The 230 V system exhibited stable thermal regulation, reaching steady-state after approximately 90 minutes with a thermal time constant τ = 22.3 ± 1.2 minutes (R² = 0.987), consistent with a first-order heat transfer model. The findings confirm that effective thermal management is essential for minimizing efficiency droop, preventing thermal runaway, and ensuring long-term reliability in high-power LED applications, including general illumination and visible light communication systems.
Copyright (c) 2026 Abdurrasheed Balarabe Magaji, Shariff M Abdulkadir (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Simulation-Based Performance Analysis of a 50-km Optical Fiber Link Under Increasing Data Rates
The exponential growth in data traffic necessitates high-performance optical communication systems capable of operating at elevated data rates while maintaining signal integrity. This study presents a comprehensive simulation-based performance analysis of a 50 km single-mode fiber (SMF) optical communication link using OptiSystem version 18.0. Six key performance metrics eye opening, signal-to-noise ratio (SNR), bit error rate (BER), quality factor (Q-factor), eye closure penalty, and dispersion penalty were evaluated as functions of data rate ranging from 5 Gbit/s to 25 Gbit/s. Results demonstrate non-linear degradation with increasing data rate. The Q-factor decreased from 12.67 to 3.95, SNR degraded from 22.0 dB to 11.0 dB, and BER increased from approximately 10⁻¹² to 10⁻³. Eye diagram analysis at representative data rates of 5, 15, and 25 Gbit/s revealed progressive eye closure corresponding to a 77.5% reduction in eye opening. The analysis identifies a critical threshold at 16 Gbit/s where performance deteriorates rapidly due to dispersion-induced inter-symbol interference. For the studied configuration, error-free transmission (BER < 10⁻¹²) requires operation below 16 Gbit/s, while forward error correction (FEC) allows operation up to approximately 24 Gbit/s. These results provide practical design guidelines for optimizing data rate selection in 50 km SMF optical links using OptiSystem simulation.
Copyright (c) 2026 Abdurrasheed Balarabe Magaji, Sada Y Aliyu (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Optimization of extraction and dyeing conditions of Ixora coccinea on cotton
This study focuses on optimizing the extraction and dyeing conditions to standardize the procedure for the natural colorant derived from the flower of Ixora coccinea. Utilizing Response Surface Methodology, specifically the Box-Behnken Design (BBD), we systematically investigated the process parameters for both extraction and dyeing. The colorant obtained under optimized extraction conditions was characterized using FTIR and UV-Visible spectroscopy. It was then applied to cotton fabric to examine the effects of time, pH, and mordant concentration. Analysis of variance (ANOVA) revealed that the quadratic model significantly contributed to the extracted yield and percentage exhaustion, as illustrated by the 3D response surfaces. Optimal extraction conditions were determined to be 90 minutes of extraction time, a solvent-to-material ratio of 1:20 g/mL, and a pH of 7, resulting in a dye yield of 49 %. The optimized dyeing conditions included a mordant concentration of 4.5 % ow, a dyeing time of 30 minutes, and a pH of 7, achieving a maximum percentage exhaustion of 26.99 %. Under these optimal dyeing conditions, cotton fibers dyed with the Ixora coccinea extract exhibited excellent color fastness properties: a light fastness rating of grade 6, a washing fastness rating of grade 4, and outstanding ironing fastness (grades 5 for dry, wet, and damp conditions) with negligible staining of adjacent white samples.
Copyright (c) 2026 Khadija Yahaya Sufyan, Sani Gumel Muhammad, Dini Sabo, Shehu Habibu, Ahmad Usman Ado (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Radiation Dose Optimization in CT Imaging: Benchmarking CTDIvol and DLP Against International DRLs in Nigeria
Computed Tomography (CT) is an indispensable diagnostic imaging system, but it contributes significantly to patient radiation exposure. To safeguard patients and ensure best practice, the International Commission on Radiological Protection recommends compliance with Diagnostic Reference Levels (DRLs). The Federal Teaching Hospital Birnin Kebbi (FTHBK), newly established in 2024, recently introduced CT services, making it crucial to evaluate baseline dose levels against international standards. A prospective cross-sectional study design was conducted on 100 patients who underwent CT examinations between 2025 and 2026. The sample included head (n = 45), chest (n = 10), and abdomen (n = 45) scans, ensuring representation across common protocols. Data collected included patient demographics (age, sex, weight) and technical parameters (kVp, mAs, pitch, slice thickness, and scan length), as well as dose indices (CTDIvol and DLP). Standard CT protocols used at FTHBK were documented and compared with established protocols. Statistical analysis was performed using Minitab. Descriptive statistics (mean, standard deviation, and 95% confidence intervals) and the 75th percentile (for DRL comparison) were calculated. Regression analyses were conducted to assess relationships between dose indices, machine settings, and patient characteristics. Dose values were compared with internationally published DRLs, including those from the UK and the European Commission. The mean CTDIvol values were 41 mGy (head), 9.0 mGy (chest), and 12 mGy (abdomen), while the mean DLP values were 2205, 768, and 941 mGy·cm, respectively. The corresponding 75th percentile values were 28 mGy (head), 8 mGy (chest), and 12 mGy (abdomen). Tube voltage (120–126 kV) was consistent with international norms. However, higher tube currents led to higher dose indices, particularly in head CT. Regression analysis demonstrated a strong positive correlation between mA and both CTDIvol and DLP (R² > 0.8, p < 0.005), indicating that tube current is the dominant determinant of patient dose. kV showed only a weak correlation with dose outcomes. Patient weight demonstrated a statistically significant association with dose (p < 0.05), whereas age did not. Comparison with international DRLs (UK and EU) showed that chest and abdominal CT doses were largely compliant, whereas head CT exceeded reference thresholds, mainly due to extended scan lengths and higher mA settings. FTHBK demonstrates general compliance with international standards for chest and abdominal CT protocols, but head CT examinations require optimization. However, these findings are limited by the single-center design and relatively small sample size. Priority should be given to tube current modulation, scan length reduction, and weight-based dose protocols to align practice with the ALARA principle. The findings underscore the need for establishing localized Nigerian DRLs to improve patient safety, inform national radiation protection policies, and strengthen radiology training.
Copyright (c) 2026 Isah Ibrahim Garba, Maidamma, B., Samaila, B., Rilwanu, M. D. (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
GC–MS Characterization and Antibacterial Activity of Terpene-Rich Extract from Vernonia amygdalina Leaves
Multidrug-resistant bacterial strains represent a growing global public health concern, prompting increased interest in plant-derived antibacterial agents. Vernonia amygdalina is widely used in traditional medicine and has been reported to possess antimicrobial properties; however, the antibacterial potential of its volatile terpene-rich extracts has received limited investigation. Therefore, this study aimed to evaluate the antibacterial activity of a volatile terpene-rich crude extract from V. amygdalina leaves against selected enteric bacteria and to characterize its phytochemical constituents using gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC–MS). Dried powdered leaves of V. amygdalina were extracted by maceration using ethanol followed by aqueous reconstitution containing lead acetate solution and chloroform partitioning to obtain a volatile terpene-rich crude extract. Antibacterial activity of the extract was evaluated against clinical isolates of Salmonella typhi and Escherichia coli using agar well diffusion susceptibility tests, minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC), and minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) assays. Chemical profiling of the extract was performed by GC–MS analysis on an Agilent system equipped with an HP-5MS capillary column, using helium as the carrier gas. The extract exhibited concentration-dependent antibacterial activity against S. typhi, producing inhibition zones of 10.5 ± 0.7 mm, 6.5 ± 2.1 mm, and 5.5 ± 0.7 mm at 1000, 800, and 600 µg/ml, respectively, while E. coli showed no susceptibility. The MIC and MBC values against S. typhi were 800 µg/ml and 1000 µg/ml, respectively. GC–MS analysis identified 22 bioactive compounds, predominantly volatile terpenoids including farnesol, squalene, and lavandulol derivatives, that contributed to the observed antibacterial activity. These findings suggest that the volatile terpene-rich extract of V. amygdalina leaves possesses moderate antibacterial activity against clinical isolates of S. typhi but shows no activity against E. coli. This highlights the potential of these compounds as natural antibacterial agents with the possibility of optimization towards effective management of enteric bacterial infections.
Copyright (c) 2026 Sani Surajo, Auwal Abdussalam, Baballe Abbas, Ali Muhammad Zakariya, Abdussalam Yunusa, Dauda Michael Jesse (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Molecular identification of sibling species in the Anopheles gambiae complex using PCR in Bauchi State, Nigeria
Malaria vector control programs in Bauchi State, Nigeria, rely on accurate identification of mosquito species. This study aimed to determine the composition of the Anopheles gambiae sibling species complex in the region. Using Pyrethroid spray collection, 6935 adult mosquitoes were collected, and 1000 female Anopheles gambiae complex mosquitoes were analyzed using Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR)-based molecular identification. Results showed that Anopheles gambiae coluzzii and Anopheles gambiae arabiensis are the predominant malaria vectors in the study area, comprising 65% and 30% of the analyzed samples, respectively, while other species made up 5%. These findings are consistent with studies from similar ecological zones in northern Bauchi State and other parts of Nigeria. Notably, our results differ from those reported in the Sudan Savannah region, where Anopheles gambiae s.s. is more prevalent, highlighting the importance of molecular identification in understanding the complex dynamics of malaria transmission in the region.
Copyright (c) 2026 Aliyu Abdulhamid Omar, Auwal Barde Alhassan, Alhaji Mohammed Usman, Umar Aliyu (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Ferroelectric-Driven Charge Separation and Cobalt-Induced Defect Engineering in BaTiO₃/Co–ZnO Heterostructures for Efficient Visible-Light Photocatalysis
The development of efficient visible-light-driven photocatalysts remains critical for sustainable environmental remediation. In this study, a BaTiO₃/Co–ZnO heterostructure (S3) was investigated for the photocatalytic degradation of organic dyes under visible-light irradiation. Structural analysis based on simulated X-ray diffraction (XRD) patterns confirmed the successful formation of a composite system comprising perovskite BaTiO₃ and hexagonal Co–ZnO phases. Optical characterization using the Tauc method revealed a reduced bandgap of approximately 2.65 eV, indicating enhanced visible-light absorption compared to pristine ZnO. The photocatalytic performance of the S3 heterostructure was evaluated using crystal violet (CV), methylene blue (MB), and rhodamine B (RhB) as model pollutants. UV–Vis absorption spectra showed a progressive decrease in the characteristic absorption peaks, confirming efficient degradation. After 75 min of irradiation, degradation efficiencies of 99% (CV), 98% (MB), and 99% (RhB) were achieved, outperforming many previously reported ZnO-based photocatalysts. The degradation process followed pseudo-first-order kinetics with rate constants of 0.01775 min⁻¹ (CV), 0.02047 min⁻¹ (MB), and 0.01992 min⁻¹ (RhB) and strong correlation coefficients (R² = 0.927–0.983). The enhanced photocatalytic activity is attributed to the synergistic effects of ferroelectric polarization from BaTiO₃ and cobalt-induced defect states in ZnO, which facilitate efficient charge separation, suppress electron–hole recombination, and improve interfacial charge transfer. The internal polarization field promotes directional carrier migration, while defect states extend light absorption into the visible region. Reactive oxygen species, including superoxide (O₂•⁻) and hydroxyl radicals (•OH), play a dominant role in the degradation process. Overall, the BaTiO₃/Co–ZnO heterostructure demonstrates a highly efficient and robust photocatalytic system, highlighting the effectiveness of combining ferroelectric materials with defect-engineered semiconductors as a promising strategy for advanced environmental remediation.
Inventory Optimization for Non-Instantaneous Deteriorating Items Under Retailer’s Trade Credit and Partial Backlogging
In this research, an inventory model is developed for non-instantaneous deteriorating items with time-dependent demand under the retailer’s trade credit and partial backlogging. In the model, the retailer receives no trade credit from the supplier but offers trade credit to customers. Payment strategies for the retailer were adopted in calculating the interest associated with the trade credit. The cost function was obtained and optimized using the gradient method. To illustrate the model, numerical examples are provided. The results show that case 1 scenario 2 with <!-- [if gte msEquation 12]><m:oMath><m:sSubSup><m:sSubSupPr><m:ctrlPr></m:ctrlPr></m:sSubSupPr><m:e><m:r>t</m:r></m:e><m:sub><m:r>1</m:r></m:sub><m:sup><m:r>*</m:r></m:sup></m:sSubSup><m:r>=24.5070</m:r></m:oMath><![endif]--> <span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 107%; font-family: 'Calibri',sans-serif; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; position: relative; top: 4.0pt; mso-text-raise: -4.0pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;"><!-- [if gte vml 1]><v:shapetype id="_x0000_t75" coordsize="21600,21600" o:spt="75" o:preferrelative="t" path="m@4@5l@4@11@9@11@9@5xe" filled="f" stroked="f"> <v:stroke joinstyle="miter"/> <v:formulas> <v:f eqn="if lineDrawn pixelLineWidth 0"/> <v:f eqn="sum @0 1 0"/> <v:f eqn="sum 0 0 @1"/> <v:f eqn="prod @2 1 2"/> <v:f eqn="prod @3 21600 pixelWidth"/> <v:f eqn="prod @3 21600 pixelHeight"/> <v:f eqn="sum @0 0 1"/> <v:f eqn="prod @6 1 2"/> <v:f eqn="prod @7 21600 pixelWidth"/> <v:f eqn="sum @8 21600 0"/> <v:f eqn="prod @7 21600 pixelHeight"/> <v:f eqn="sum @10 21600 0"/> </v:formulas> <v:path o:extrusionok="f" gradientshapeok="t" o:connecttype="rect"/> <o:lock v:ext="edit" aspectratio="t"/> </v:shapetype><v:shape id="_x0000_i1025" type="#_x0000_t75" style='width:68.25pt; height:15pt'> <v:imagedata src="file:///C:/Users/USER/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image001.png" o:title="" chromakey="white"/> </v:shape><![endif]--> and <!-- [if gte msEquation 12]><m:oMath><m:sSup><m:sSupPr><m:ctrlPr></m:ctrlPr></m:sSupPr><m:e><m:r>T</m:r></m:e><m:sup><m:r>*</m:r></m:sup></m:sSup><m:r>=31.7335</m:r></m:oMath><![endif]--> <span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 107%; font-family: 'Calibri',sans-serif; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; position: relative; top: 4.0pt; mso-text-raise: -4.0pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;"><!-- [if gte vml 1]><v:shape id="_x0000_i1025" type="#_x0000_t75" style='width:70.5pt;height:15pt'> <v:imagedata src="file:///C:/Users/USER/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image003.png" o:title="" chromakey="white"/> </v:shape><![endif]--> produced the highest profit of <!-- [if gte msEquation 12]><m:oMath><m:sSup><m:sSupPr><m:ctrlPr></m:ctrlPr></m:sSupPr><m:e><m:r>TP</m:r></m:e><m:sup><m:r>*</m:r></m:sup></m:sSup><m:r>=16,000</m:r></m:oMath><![endif]--> <span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 107%; font-family: 'Calibri',sans-serif; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; position: relative; top: 4.0pt; mso-text-raise: -4.0pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;"><!-- [if gte vml 1]><v:shape id="_x0000_i1025" type="#_x0000_t75" style='width:70.5pt;height:15pt'> <v:imagedata src="file:///C:/Users/USER/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image005.png" o:title="" chromakey="white"/> </v:shape><![endif]--> . Sensitivity analyses carried out to examine the influence of the inventory parameters showed that decreases in h by 10% and N by 20% lead to higher profit, indicating that decreases in holding costs and offering customers trade credit can lead to higher profitability and better decisions. From a managerial point of view, it is advised that retailers should regularly extend trade credit to customers to reduce item overstay and earn higher profits.
Copyright (c) 2026 Lois Iretide Oluwafemi, Zaharaddeen Haruna Aliyu (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Comparative Study between ISO VG-46 and Biolubricants Synthesized from Neem (Azadirachta indica) and Calabash (Lagenaria siceraria) Seed Oils Using Calcium Oxide (CaO) Catalyst Obtained from Eggshells for Application as Hydraulic Fluids
The research focused on the extraction of oil from Neem (Azadirachta indica) and Calabash (Lagenaria siceraria) seeds. The extracted oils were characterized to determine their physicochemical properties, which were assessed according to AOAC and ASTM methods. The percentage yields of Neem oil and Calabash oil were 34.50±0.25% and 31.00±0.20 %, respectively. The acid value of Neem and Calabash oils was 8.91±0.10 mg KOH/g and 3.23±0.15 mg KOH/g, respectively. Regarding percentage Free Fatty Acids (% FFA), Neem oil was determined to be 4.87±0.20 while Calabash oil had a value of 1.73±0.10. As for the saponification value, Neem oil had a value of 137.55±0.25 mg KOH/g, while calabash oil had a value of 238.84±0.30 mg KOH/g. The iodine values of neem and calabash oil were 68.00±0.20 and 66.20±0.15 g/100g, respectively. Also, the density for neem oil was determined to be 0.85±0.10 g/mL, while that of calabash oil was 0.90±0.10 g/mL. Furthermore, the extracted Neem and Calabash oils were used to synthesize biolubricants via esterification and transesterification processes using pentaerythritol and Calcium Oxide (CaO) obtained from eggshells, with yields of 60.80±0.15 % for the Neem biolubricant and 53.00±0.20 % for the Calabash biolubricant. The properties of the synthesized biolubricants were determined and compared with those of a mineral lubricant (ISO VG 46). Additionally, tribology studies showed that the COF for Neem and Calabash biolubricants is 0.041 and 0.054, respectively, at a 10N load. Compared with the COF of 0.086 for ISO VG 46 at 10N load, these biolubricants could provide better friction reduction than ISO VG 46; hence, they are suitable for possible application as hydraulic oil.
Copyright (c) 2026 Oryina Emmanuel Ado, Hamisu Ibrahim, Nasir Sallau Lawal (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0