Prevalence and Molecular Detection of ESBL-Producing Gram-Negative Uropathogens Among Pregnant Women in Sokoto Metropolis, Nigeria
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.56919/usci.2544.020Keywords:
UTI, ESBL, SHV, multidrug resistanceAbstract
Urinary tract infections (UTIs) during pregnancy pose significant health risks, and the rising prevalence of extended-spectrum β-lactamase (ESBL)-producing organisms further complicates treatment. This study determined the prevalence of ESBL-producing Gram-negative uropathogens and identified associated β-lactamase genes among pregnant women in Sokoto Metropolis. Midstream urine samples were processed using standard microbiological methods. ESBL detection was performed using the Double Disk Synergy Test, and PCR was used to identify blaTEM, blaSHV, and blaCTX-M genes. Of 14 multidrug-resistant isolates, 6 (42.9%) were ESBL producers. Escherichia coli (40%) and Enterobacter sp. (100%) showed the highest ESBL prevalence. Molecular analysis revealed blaSHV in 3 (60%) of the ESBL-positive isolates, while blaTEM and blaCTX-M were not detected. The predominance of SHV-type ESBLs highlights localized resistance patterns and underscores the need for continuous surveillance and antibiotic stewardship in antenatal care.
References
Addis, T., Mekonnen, Y., Ayenew, Z., Fentaw, S., & Biazin, H. (2021). Bacterial uropathogens and burden of antimicrobial resistance pattern in urine specimens referred to Ethiopian Public Health Institute. PloS One, 16(11), e0259602. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0259602
Akinyemi, K. O., Abegunrin, R. O., Iwalokun, B. A., Fakorede, C. O., Makarewicz, O., Neubauer, H., & Wareth, G. (2021). The emergence of Klebsiella pneumoniae with reduced susceptibility against third generation cephalosporins and carbapenems in Lagos Hospitals, Nigeria. Antibiotics, 10(2), 142. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/antibiotics10020142
Amiri, M., Lavasani, Z., Norouzirad, R., Najibpour, R., Mohamadpour, M., & Nikpoor, A. R. (2015). Prevalence of urinary tract infection among pregnant women and its complications in their newborns during the birth in the hospitals of Dezful City, Iran, 2012-2013. Iranian Red Crescent Medical Journal, 17(8), e26946. DOI: https://doi.org/10.5812/ircmj.26946
Askari, S., Badouei, M. A., Aflakian, F., & Hashemitabar, G. (2024). Phenotypic and genotypic evaluation of extended-spectrum β-lactamases (bla TEM, bla SHV, bla CTX-M, bla OXA) in Escherichia coli isolated from children with diarrhea. Biologia, 79(11), 3433–3439. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11756-024-01790-7
Belete, M. A. (2020). Bacterial profile and ESBL screening of urinary tract infection among asymptomatic and symptomatic pregnant women attending antenatal care of Northeastern Ethiopia Region. Infection and Drug Resistance, 13, 2579–2592. DOI: https://doi.org/10.2147/IDR.S258379
Bevan, E. R., Jones, A. M., & Hawkey, P. M. (2017). Global epidemiology of CTX-M β-lactamases: Temporal and geographical shifts in genotype. Journal of Antimicrobial Chemotherapy, 72(8), 2145–2155. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1093/jac/dkx146
Castanheira, M., Simner, P. J., & Bradford, P. A. (2021). Extended-spectrum β-lactamases: An update on their characteristics, epidemiology and detection. JAC-Antimicrobial Resistance, 3(3), dlab092. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1093/jacamr/dlab092
Chinyere, O. M., Nwankwo, E. O., & Nsofor, C. A. (2020). Prevalence of multidrug-resistant and extended-spectrum β-lactamase-producing Enterobacteriaceae in urinary tract infections among pregnant women in southeastern Nigeria. Journal of Global Antimicrobial Resistance, 22, 134–140.
Chioma, O. P., Martina, C. A., & Emmanuel, A. E. (2019). ESBL mediated antimicrobial nonsusceptibility of uropathogenic Escherichia coli and Klebsiella pneumoniae isolates from pregnant women in Nnewi, Nigeria. Journal of Advances in Microbiology, 18(2), 1–3. DOI: https://doi.org/10.9734/jamb/2019/v18i230166
Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute. (2022). Performance standards for antimicrobial susceptibility testing (32nd ed., CLSI supplement M100).
Ghaddar, N., Anastasiadis, E., Halimeh, R., Ghaddar, A., Matar, G. M., & Abou Fayad, A. (2020). Phenotypic and genotypic characterization of extended-spectrum β-lactamases produced by Escherichia coli colonizing pregnant women. Infectious Diseases in Obstetrics and Gynecology, 2020, 4190306. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1155/2020/4190306
Hussein, E. F., Ameen, J. A., & Yassen, S. H. (2021). Study the antibiotics activity against Escherichia coli isolated from urine samples of pregnant women with urinary tract infection. International Journal of Pharmaceutical Research, 13(1), 1368–1372. DOI: https://doi.org/10.31838/ijpr/2021.13.01.300
Igweonu, C. F. (2024). Molecular characterization of antibiotic resistance genes in multidrug-resistant Klebsiella pneumoniae clinical isolates. International Journal of Engineering Technology Research and Management, 8(8), 241–249.
Iregbu, K. C., Nwajiobi-Princewill, P. I., & Iwuafor, A. A. (2016). Urinary tract infections in pregnancy in Abuja, Nigeria: Bacteriological profile and antimicrobial susceptibility pattern. The Nigerian Postgraduate Medical Journal, 23(4), 223–227.
Iroha, I. R., Ozor, H. O., Moses, I. B., Onuora, A. L., & Kalu, A. C. (2020). Antimicrobial activity of ethyl acetate and ethanol seed extracts of Buchholzia coriacea (Wonderful Kola) against multidrug-resistant clinical isolates of Salmonella species and Escherichia coli. Archives of Clinical Microbiology, 11(3), 109–115. DOI: https://doi.org/10.36648/1989-8436.11.3.109
Maina, D., Revathi, G., Kariuki, S., & Ozwara, H. (2012). Genotypes and cephalosporin susceptibility in extended-spectrum β-lactamase producing Enterobacteriaceae in the community. The Journal of Infection in Developing Countries, 6(6), 470–477. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3855/jidc.1456
Mehmood, A., Arooj, I., Sultan, R., Javeed, M., & Javaid, A. (2025). Antibiotic sensitivity and ESBL prevalence among Gram-negative bacteria in a tertiary care hospital. Lahore Garrison University Journal of Life Sciences, 9(1), 1–11. DOI: https://doi.org/10.54692/lgujls.2025.0901393
Muriuki, C. W., Ogonda, L. A., Kyanya, C., Matano, D., Masakhwe, C., & Odoyo, E. (2022). Phenotypic and genotypic characteristics of uropathogenic Escherichia coli isolates from Kenya. Microbial Drug Resistance, 28(1), 31–38. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1089/mdr.2020.0432
Nzalie, R. N. T., Gonsu, H. K., & Koulla-Shiro, S. (2016). Bacterial etiology and antibiotic resistance profile of community-acquired urinary tract infections in a Cameroonian city. International Journal of Microbiology, 2016, 3240268. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1155/2016/3240268
Onwuezobe, I. A., & Orok, F. E. (2015). The bacterial isolates and plasmid profiles of extended spectrum beta-lactamases producers causing urinary tract infections among pregnant women in Uyo, Nigeria. Journal of Biosciences and Medicines, 3(7), 25–30. DOI: https://doi.org/10.4236/jbm.2015.37004
Onyango, H. A., Ngugu, C., Maina, J., & Kiiru, J. (2018). Urinary tract infection among pregnant women at Pumwani Maternity Hospital, Nairobi, Kenya: Bacterial etiologic agents, antimicrobial susceptibility profiles and associated risk factors. Advances in Microbiology, 8(2), 175–187. DOI: https://doi.org/10.4236/aim.2018.83012
Shrestha, A., Manandhar, S., Pokharel, P., Panthi, P., & Chaudhary, D. K. (2016). Prevalence of extended spectrum beta-lactamase (ESBL) producing multidrug resistance Gram-negative isolates causing urinary tract infection. EC Microbiology, 4(5), 749–755.
Tanko, N., Bolaji, R. O., Olayinka, A. T., & Olayinka, B. O. (2020). A systematic review on the prevalence of extended-spectrum beta lactamase-producing Gram-negative bacteria in Nigeria. Journal of Global Antimicrobial Resistance, 22, 488–496. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jgar.2020.04.010
Ugwu, M. C., Shariff, M., Nnajide, C. M., Beri, K., Okezie, U. M., & Iroha, I. R. (2020). Phenotypic and molecular characterization of β-lactamases among enterobacterial uropathogens in Southeastern Nigeria. Canadian Journal of Infectious Diseases and Medical Microbiology, 2020, 5843904. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1155/2020/5843904
Uyanga, F. Z., Ekundayo, E. O., Nwankwo, E. O., & Ibanga, I. A. (2020). Molecular characterization of extended spectrum beta-lactamase from Enterobacter cloacae, E. coli and Klebsiella pneumoniae from pregnant women in South-south Nigeria. International Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology, 5(2), 48–54. DOI: https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ijmb.20200502.12
Zhang, S., Yang, J., Abbas, M., Yang, Q., Li, Q., Liu, M., & Cheng, A. (2025). Threats across boundaries: The spread of ESBL-positive Enterobacteriaceae bacteria and its challenge to the “one health” concept. Frontiers in Microbiology, 16, 1496716. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3389/fmicb.2025.1496716
Downloads
Published
Issue
Section
License
Copyright (c) 2025 Bahira Yabo Bello, Manga, S. B., A S Shehu, Maigandi, A., Hussaini Salisu, Shuaibu Shamsudeen (Author)
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.
UMYU Scientifica recognizes the importance of protecting authors’ intellectual property while promoting the free exchange of scientific knowledge. The journal adopts a copyright-retention model that empowers authors to maintain ownership of their work while granting the journal rights necessary for publication and dissemination.
1. Copyright Ownership
Authors publishing with UMYU Scientifica retain full copyright and publishing rights to their work. By submitting a manuscript, authors agree to grant the journal a non-exclusive license to publish, reproduce, distribute, and archive the article in all forms and media for the purpose of scholarly communication.
2. Licensing Terms
All articles are published under the Creative Commons Attribution–NonCommercial (CC BY-NC) license.
This license permits others to:
- Share - copy and redistribute the material in any medium or format.
- Adapt - remix, transform, and build upon the material.
- For non-commercial purposes only, provided that proper credit is given to the original author(s) and UMYU Scientifica as the source, a link to the license is provided, and any modifications are clearly indicated.
Commercial reuse or distribution of the content requires written permission from both the author and the editorial office.
3. Author Rights
Authors are free to:
- Deposit all versions of their manuscript (preprint, accepted version, and published version) in institutional, disciplinary, or public repositories without embargo.
- Use and distribute their published article for non-commercial scholarly purposes, including teaching, conference presentations, and research sharing.
- Include their work in future books, theses, or compilations, provided proper citation to the journal is made.
4. Publisher’s Rights
Upon publication, UMYU Scientifica retains the right to:
- Host, index, and disseminate the article through the journal’s website and partner databases.
- Archive the content in long-term preservation systems such as the PKP Preservation Network (PKP-PN) and the Umaru Musa Yar’adua University Institutional Repository.
5. Attribution and Citation
Users must give appropriate credit to the author(s), include a link to the article’s DOI or the journal webpage, and indicate if changes were made. Proper citation is required whenever the work is reused or referenced.
6. License Reference
For detailed terms of use, please refer to the Creative Commons Attribution–NonCommercial 4.0 International License (CC BY-NC 4.0):
https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/
