Impact of Climate Change on Heavy Metal Dispersion in Rice Farms: A Case Study of Hadejia, Jigawa State

Authors

  • J Simon Department of Physics, National Open University of Nigeria, Jabi, Abuja, Nigeria Author
  • E A Ibanga Department of Physics, National Open University of Nigeria, Jabi, Abuja, Nigeria Author
  • E P Inyang Department of Physics, National Open University of Nigeria, Jabi, Abuja, Nigeria Author
  • H G Kama Department of Environmental Science, National Open University of Nigeria, Jabi, Abuja, Nigeria Author
  • K O Momoh Department of Physics, National Open University of Nigeria, Jabi, Abuja, Nigeria Author
  • S Bello Department of Physics, Umaru Musa Yar'adua University, Katsina, Katsina State, Nigeria Author
  • A G Yisa Department of Biological Sciences, National Open University of Nigeria, Jabi, Abuja, Nigeria Author
  • D S Balami Department of Physics, University of Maiduguri, Borno State, Nigeria Author

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.56919/usci.2541.043

Keywords:

Climate Change, Heavy Metals, Farmlands, Floods, Contaminants, Concentrations

Abstract

The study employed the Agilent/MP-AES model MY17380004 to assay the concentrations of some selected heavy metals in a flooded rice farm in Hadejia LGA of Jigawa State, Nigeria. The aim is to gain insight into the dispersion of heavy metals in flooded farms as a consequence of climate change. The ratios of the concentrations of Zn, Cd, Fe, Cu, Ni, As, Pb, Mn, and Cr in the control area to that of the study area were found to be 3:7, 12:9, 3:4, 3:5, 3:4, 12:3, 6:7, 2:5 and 4:5 respectively. The results highlight the positive influence of flooding on the concentrations of all the elements except Cd and As, which demonstrated a reduction trend. Also, the concentrations of As in the study and control locations were found to be  17.75±7.12 higher than the maximum permissible limit in the soil as recommended by WHO, signifying that Arsenic content is high in Hadejia soil.

References

Abubakar, A. (2020). Flooding in Nigeria: A review. African Journal of Sustainable Development, 10(1), 99–122.

Adetunji, M., & Oyeleye, O. (2018). Assessment and control measures of flood risk in Ajibode area of Ibadan, Oyo State, Nigeria. International Journal of Physical and Human Geography, 6(1), 1–16.

Afzal, M. M. S., et al. (2024). The effects of heavy metal pollution on soil nitrogen transformation and rice volatile organic compounds under different water. Plants, 13(6), 871. https://doi.org/10.3390/plants13060871 DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/plants13060871

Agbonkhese, O., et al. (2024). Flood menace in Nigeria: Impacts, remedial and management strategies. Civil and Environmental Research.

Ahmed, A. (2023). The phenology, distribution, and uses of Azadirachta Indica A. Juss (Neem Tree) in Taura Local Government Area, Jigawa State, Nigeria [Doctoral dissertation, Kampala International University].

Alam, R., Ahmed, Z., & Howladar, M. (2020). Evaluation of heavy metal contamination in water, soil and plant around the open landfill site Mogla Bazar in Sylhet, Bangladesh. Groundwater for Sustainable Development, 10, 100311. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gsd.2019.100311 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gsd.2019.100311

Alzain, H. (2023). Impact of heavy metals on the climate change. International Journal of Research and Review. https://doi.org/10.52403/ijrr.20231032 DOI: https://doi.org/10.52403/ijrr.20231032

Asadu, C. (2015). Analytical overview of agricultural conditions in Nigeria. Agro-Science, 14(1), 1–17. https://doi.org/10.4314/as.v14i1.1 DOI: https://doi.org/10.4314/as.v14i1.1

Aurnab, I., Uddin, M., & Kabir, A. (2024). Risk assessment of four toxic heavy metals in terrestrial and aquatic ecosystems around BSCIC tannery industrial estate of Savar, Dhaka, Bangladesh. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 31(23), 34. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-024-33503-7 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-024-33503-7

Bamidele, O., & Badiora, A. (2019). Flood disaster vulnerability in North Central Nigeria. International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science, 3(12), 42–49.

Danladi, S., Saminu, M., & Yahaya, A. (2025). Pollution level of some heavy metals in vegetables produced through irrigation farming in Gudincin, Jigawa State, Nigeria. FUDMA Journal of Sciences, 9(2), 186–192. https://doi.org/10.33003/fjs-2025-0902-3155 DOI: https://doi.org/10.33003/fjs-2025-0902-3155

Echendu, A. J. (2020). The impact of flooding on Nigeria's sustainable development goals (SDGs). Ecosystem Health and Sustainability, 6(1), 1791735. https://doi.org/10.1080/20964129.2020.1791735 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/20964129.2020.1791735

Gana, B., Harir, A., Bogoro, A., & Rasheed, O. (2018). Stream ordering as a tool for effective river basin development: Examples from Komadugu-Yobe River Basin, Nigeria. Journal of Resources Development and Management, 44.

Garba, A., Ekanem, E., & Garba, I. (2016). Quality assessment of groundwater from Hadejia Local Government Area of Jigawa State, Nigeria. Bayero Journal of Pure and Applied Sciences, 9(2), 258–262. https://doi.org/10.4314/bajopas.v9i2.44 DOI: https://doi.org/10.4314/bajopas.v9i2.44

Guo, X., Sun, Q., Zhao, Y., & Cai, H. (2019). Identification and characterisation of heavy metals in farmland soil of Hunchun Basin. Environmental Earth Sciences, 78, 1–11. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12665-019-8314-0 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12665-019-8314-0

Haddad, S. A., et al. (2024). Impact of flooding on lands with emerging contaminants on the quality of receiving water bodies. Water, 16(22), 3214. https://doi.org/10.3390/w16223214 DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/w16223214

Haider, H. (2019). Climate change in Nigeria: Impacts and responses. 4KD Helpdesk Report.

Hettipathirana, T. (2011). Determination of metals in industrial wastewaters by microwave plasma-atomic emission spectrometry. Agilent Technologies.

Imam, M., & Babuga, U. (2021). Challenges of women participation in agricultural activities in Hadejia Local Government Area, Jigawa State, Nigeria. Direct Research Journal of Agriculture and Food Science, 9(5), 149–154.

Isinkaralar, K., Koc, I., Erdem, R., & Sevik, H. (2022). Atmospheric Cd, Cr, and Zn deposition in several landscape plants in Mersin, Türkiye. Water, Air, & Soil Pollution, 233(4), 120. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11270-022-05607-8 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11270-022-05607-8

Isinkaralar, O., Isinkaralar, K., & Ambade, B. (2024). Assessment of societal health risks: Spatial distribution and potential hazards of toxic metals in street dust across diverse communities. Water, Air, & Soil Pollution, 235(5), 302. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11270-024-07104-6 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11270-024-07104-6

Jamari, N. L. A., & Firdaus, N. H. M. (2024). Microwave plasma atomic emission spectroscopy (MP-AES): Alternative spectroscopy method for heavy metals analysis in water. Journal of Advanced Research Design, 118(1), 1–9. https://doi.org/10.37934/ard.118.1.19 DOI: https://doi.org/10.37934/ard.118.1.19

Kaugama, H., & Ahmed, B. (2014). Prospect and challenges of farming along the Hadejia-Nguru Wetland in Jigawa State, Nigeria. International Journal of Academic Research in Economics and Management Sciences, 3(6). https://doi.org/10.6007/IJAREMS/v3-i6/1279 DOI: https://doi.org/10.6007/IJAREMS/v3-i6/1279

La, J. A., Aturamu, A. O., Asaolu, O., & Ogunleye, O. S. (2024). Spatial distribution and potential ecological and health risks associated with heavy metals in the Ijero-Ekiti mining site, Nigeria. Regional Sustainability, 5(1), 100110. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.regsus.2024.03.004 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.regsus.2024.03.004

Mfon, I. E., Oguike, M. C., Eteng, S. U., & Etim, N. M. (2022). Causes and effects of flooding in Nigeria: A review. East Asian Journal of Multidisciplinary Research, 1(9), 1777–1792. https://doi.org/10.55927/eajmr.v1i9.1261 DOI: https://doi.org/10.55927/eajmr.v1i9.1261

Muhammad, A., et al. (2024). Analysis of climate change information and flood adaptation strategies among rice farmers in Hadejia Agricultural Zone, Jigawa State, Nigeria. Nigerian Journal of Agriculture and Agricultural Technology, 4(4B), 84–90. https://doi.org/10.59331/njaat.v4i4B.901 DOI: https://doi.org/10.59331/njaat.v4i4B.901

Muhammad, S. (2024). Physicochemical and analysis of heavy metals in soil samples around Gashua and Hadejia, Nigeria. SSRN. https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.4752649 DOI: https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.4752649

Nasidi, N., et al. (2023). An appraisal on hydro-climatic impact on flash floods incidences at Hadejia River Valley Watershed in Nigeria. FUDMA Journal of Sciences, 7(5), 134–140. https://doi.org/10.33003/fjs-2023-0705-2002 DOI: https://doi.org/10.33003/fjs-2023-0705-2002

Nkwunonwo, U. C. (2016). A review of flooding and flood risk reduction in Nigeria. Global Journal of Human-Social Science B: Geography, Geo-Sciences, Environmental Science and Disaster Management, 16(2), 22–42.

Nnodim, A., & Ezekiel, C. (2020). Perceived impact of perennial flooding on livelihood activities of rural dwellers of Orashi Region of Rivers State. International Journal of Innovative Human Ecology and Nature Studies, 8(2), 12–18.

Ogbeide, O., & Henry, B. (2024). Addressing heavy metal pollution in Nigeria: Evaluating policies, assessing impacts, and enhancing remediation strategies. Journal of Applied Sciences and Environmental Management, 28(4), 1007–1051. https://doi.org/10.4314/jasem.v28i4.5 DOI: https://doi.org/10.4314/jasem.v28i4.5

Okoye, C. (2019). Perennial flooding and integrated flood risk management strategy in Nigeria. International Journal of Economics, Commerce and Management, 1(9), 364–375.

Onwuemele, A. (2018). Public perception of flood risks and disaster preparedness in Lagos megacity, Nigeria. Academic Journal of Interdisciplinary Studies, 7(3), 179–185. https://doi.org/10.2478/ajis-2018-0068 DOI: https://doi.org/10.2478/ajis-2018-0068

Ouyang, J., et al. (2020). Analysis of influencing factors of heavy metals pollution in farmland-rice system around a uranium tailings dam. Process Safety and Environmental Protection, 139, 124–132. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psep.2020.04.003 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psep.2020.04.003

Punia, A. (2021). Role of temperature, wind, and precipitation in heavy metal contamination at copper mines: A review. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 28(4), 4056–4072. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-020-11580-8 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-020-11580-8

Qiao, P., et al. (2019). Quantitative analysis of the factors influencing spatial distribution of soil heavy metals based on geographical detector. Science of the Total Environment, 664, 392–413. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.01.310 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.01.310

Rajendran, S., et al. (2024). Arsenic and environment: A systematic review on arsenic sources, uptake mechanism in plants, health hazards and remediation strategies. Topics in Catalysis, 67(1), 325–330. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11244-023-01901-9 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11244-023-01901-9

Rostami, S., Kamani, H., Shahsavani, S., & Hoseini, M. (2021). Environmental monitoring and ecological risk assessment of heavy metals in farmland soils. Human and Ecological Risk Assessment: An International Journal, 27(2), 392–404. https://doi.org/10.1080/10807039.2020.1719030 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/10807039.2020.1719030

Sambo, U., & Sule, B. (2024). Impact of climate change on food security in Northern Nigeria. Green and Low-Carbon Economy, 2(1), 49–61. https://doi.org/10.47852/bonviewGLCE3202560 DOI: https://doi.org/10.47852/bonviewGLCE3202560

Su, Y., et al. (2025). Leachability of cadmium from soil stabilized with hydroxyapatite under varying pH levels and liquid-to-solid ratios. Environmental Pollutants and Bioavailability, 37(1), 2466588. https://doi.org/10.1080/26395940.2025.2466588 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/26395940.2025.2466588

Timothy, N. A., & Williams, E. T. (2019). Environmental pollution by heavy metal: An overview. International Journal of Environmental Chemistry, 3(2), 72–82. https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ijec.20190302.14 DOI: https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ijec.20190302.14

Tudunwada, I., & Abbas, A. (2022). Flood vulnerability mapping and prediction for early warning in Jigawa State, Northern Nigeria, using geospatial techniques. International Journal of Disaster Risk Reduction, 79, 103156. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijdrr.2022.103156 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijdrr.2022.103156

Ugbede, F. O., Osahon, O. D., Akpolile, A. F., & Oladele, B. B. (2021). Assessment of heavy metals concentrations, soil-to-plant transfer factor and potential health risk in soil and rice samples from Ezillo rice fields in Ebonyi State, Nigeria. Environmental Nanotechnology, Monitoring & Management. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enmm.2021.100503 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enmm.2021.100503

Umar, N., & Gray, A. (2023). Flooding in Nigeria: A review of its occurrence and impacts and approaches to modelling flood data. International Journal of Environmental Studies, 80(3), 540–561. https://doi.org/10.1080/00207233.2022.2081471 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/00207233.2022.2081471

Visser, A., et al. (2012). Climate change impacts on the leaching of a heavy metal contamination in a small lowland catchment. Journal of Contaminant Hydrology, 127(1–4), 47–64. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jconhyd.2011.04.007 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jconhyd.2011.04.007

Wang, P., Sun, Z., Hu, Y., & Cheng, H. (2019). Leaching of heavy metals from abandoned mine tailings brought by precipitation and the associated environmental impact. Science of the Total Environment, 695, 133893. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.133893 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.133893

Wijngaard, R. R., et al. (2017). The impact of climate change on metal transport in a lowland catchment. Water, Air, & Soil Pollution, 228, 1–20. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11270-017-3261-4 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11270-017-3261-4

Downloads

Published

2025-03-30

Issue

Vol. 4 No. 1 (2025)

Section

Articles

License

Creative Commons License

This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.

UMYU Scientifica recognizes the importance of protecting authors’ intellectual property while promoting the free exchange of scientific knowledge. The journal adopts a copyright-retention model that empowers authors to maintain ownership of their work while granting the journal rights necessary for publication and dissemination.

1. Copyright Ownership

Authors publishing with UMYU Scientifica retain full copyright and publishing rights to their work. By submitting a manuscript, authors agree to grant the journal a non-exclusive license to publish, reproduce, distribute, and archive the article in all forms and media for the purpose of scholarly communication.

2. Licensing Terms

All articles are published under the Creative Commons Attribution–NonCommercial (CC BY-NC) license.
This license permits others to:

  • Share - copy and redistribute the material in any medium or format.
  • Adapt - remix, transform, and build upon the material.
  • For non-commercial purposes only, provided that proper credit is given to the original author(s) and UMYU Scientifica as the source, a link to the license is provided, and any modifications are clearly indicated.

Commercial reuse or distribution of the content requires written permission from both the author and the editorial office.

3. Author Rights

Authors are free to:

  • Deposit all versions of their manuscript (preprint, accepted version, and published version) in institutional, disciplinary, or public repositories without embargo.
  • Use and distribute their published article for non-commercial scholarly purposes, including teaching, conference presentations, and research sharing.
  • Include their work in future books, theses, or compilations, provided proper citation to the journal is made.

4. Publisher’s Rights

Upon publication, UMYU Scientifica retains the right to:

  • Host, index, and disseminate the article through the journal’s website and partner databases.
  • Archive the content in long-term preservation systems such as the PKP Preservation Network (PKP-PN) and the Umaru Musa Yar’adua University Institutional Repository.

5. Attribution and Citation

Users must give appropriate credit to the author(s), include a link to the article’s DOI or the journal webpage, and indicate if changes were made. Proper citation is required whenever the work is reused or referenced.

6. License Reference

For detailed terms of use, please refer to the Creative Commons Attribution–NonCommercial 4.0 International License (CC BY-NC 4.0):
https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/

How to Cite

Simon, J., Ibanga, E. A., Inyang, E. P., Kama, H. G., Momoh, K. O., Bello, S., Yisa, A. G., & Balami, D. S. (2025). Impact of Climate Change on Heavy Metal Dispersion in Rice Farms: A Case Study of Hadejia, Jigawa State. UMYU Scientifica, 4(1), 438-444. https://doi.org/10.56919/usci.2541.043

Similar Articles

31-40 of 163

You may also start an advanced similarity search for this article.