Antioxidant Potentials and Nephroprotective Effects of Methanol Extract and Dichloromethane Fraction of Root Bark of Garcinia kola (Heckel) on Gentamicin-Induced Nephrotoxic Rats

Authors

  • Ige Joseph Komolafe Department of Biochemistry, Hallmark University, Ijebu-Itele, Nigeria Author
  • Adeniyi Oluwadare Fajobi Department of Biochemistry, Hallmark University, Ijebu-Itele, Nigeria Author
  • Christianah Adebimpe Dare Department of Biochemistry, Osun State University, Osogbo, Osun State, Nigeria Author
  • Adetoun Elizabeth Morakinyo Department of Biochemistry, Adeleke University, Ede, Osun State, Nigeria Author
  • Mukaila Babatunde Adekola Department of Environmental Management and Toxicology Federal University of Agriculture, Abeokuta, Nigeria Author
  • Oludele Olayemi Odekanyin Department of Biochemistry, Obafemi Awolowo University, Ile-Ife, Nigeria Author
  • Oluokun Oluboade Oyedapo Department of Biochemistry, Obafemi Awolowo University, Ile-Ife, Nigeria Author

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.56919/usci.2434.029

Keywords:

aminoglycoside, gentamicin, phytoconstituents, antioxidants, endogenous

Abstract

This study investigated the nephroprotective and antioxidant effects of methanol extract (ME) and dichloromethane fraction (DCMF) from the root bark of Garcinia kola against gentamicin-induced nephrotoxicity in rats.  The root bark was collected from Iperindo, Osun State, Nigeria, and dried for eight weeks.  After grinding into a powder, the root bark was extracted using 80% methanol.  The extract was filtered, centrifuged, and concentrated to obtain ME.  A portion of ME was fractionated using n-hexane and dichloromethane to obtain DCMF.  The phenolics and flavonoid contents of ME and DMCF were analyzed.  Gentamicin, ME, and DCMF were administered to forty Wistar rats for a total of fourteen days, both prior to and following therapy.  The rats were split up into groups.  Levels of endogenous antioxidant molecules and enzymatic antioxidant activity were measured.  Phytochemical analysis revealed that the ME and DCMF contained significant amounts of phenolics (ME: 409.17 ± 16.38 mg/g TAE; DCMF: 623.98 ± 14.32 mg/g TAE) and flavonoids (ME: 377.82 ± 8.29 mg/g RE; DCMF: 192.33 ± 7.26 mg/g RE).  The animal experiment results showed that both ME and DCMF significantly reduced elevated levels of non-enzymatic antioxidants caused by gentamicin.  Furthermore, ME and DCMF corrected the changes in antioxidant enzyme activities caused by gentamicin exposure.  These findings suggest that the ME and DCMF of G. kola contain bioactive phytoconstituents with protective effects against gentamicin-induced nephrotoxicity.  The extracts were effective in restoring antioxidant balance by normalizing endogenous antioxidant levels and antioxidant enzyme activities.  This highlights the therapeutic potential of G. kola in protecting kidney function against drug-induced toxicity.

References

Abdolahinia, E. D., Fathi, M., Pirdel, Z., Jafari, S., Samiei, M., Adibkia, K., Sefat, F., Dizaj, S. M., & Sharifi, S. (2022). Strategies to improve drug penetration into tumor microenvironment by nanoparticles: Focus on nanozymes. OpenNano, 8, 1-21. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.onano.2022.100100 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.onano.2022.100100

Ali, A., Wu, H., Ponnampalam, E. N., Cottrell, J. J., Dunshea, F. R., & Suleria, H. A. R. (2021). Comprehensive profiling of most widely used spices for their phenolic compounds through LC-ESI-QTOF-MS2 and their antioxidant potential. Antioxidants, 10(5), 1-23. https://doi.org/10.3390/antiox10050721 DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/antiox10050721

Alsawaf, S., Alnuaimi, F., Afzal, S., Thomas, R. M., Chelakkot, A. L., Ramadan, W. S., Hodeify, R., Matar, R., Merheb, M., Siddiqui, S. S., & Vazhappilly, C. G. (2022). Plant flavonoids on oxidative stress-mediated kidney inflammation. Biology, 11(12), 1717. https://doi.org/10.3390/biology11121717 DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/biology11121717

Amira, P. O., Daramola, A. S., Philomina, A. A., & Ibukun, S. A. (2020). Comparative studies on the phytochemical screening and in vitro antioxidant activities of aqueous extracts of Garcinia kola stem and root barks. European Journal of Biology and Biotechnology, 1(3). https://doi.org/10.24018/ejbio.2020.1.3.35 DOI: https://doi.org/10.24018/ejbio.2020.1.3.35

Anwar, S., Alrumaihi, F., Sarwar, T., Babiker, A. Y., Khan, A. A., Prabhu, S. V., & Rahmani, A. H. (2024). Exploring therapeutic potential of catalase: Strategies in disease prevention and management. Biomolecules, 14, 1-15. https://doi.org/10.3390/biom14060697 DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/biom14060697

Ataman, N., Mert, H. E., Yildirim, S., & Mert, N. (2018). The effect of fucoidan on changes of some biochemical parameters in nephrotoxicity induced by gentamicin in rats. Ankara Üniversitesi Veteriner Fakültesi Dergisi, 65(1), 9-14. https://doi.org/10.1501/Vetfak_0000002821 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1501/Vetfak_0000002821

Baliyan, S., Mukherjee, R., Priyadarshini, A., Vibhuti, A., Gupta, A., Pandey, R. P., & Chang, C. M. (2022). Determination of antioxidants by DPPH radical scavenging activity and quantitative phytochemical analysis of Ficus religiosa. Molecules, 27(4), 1-17. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules27041326 DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules27041326

Blois, M. S. (1985). Antioxidant determination by use of stable free radicals. Nature, 29, 1199-1200. https://doi.org/10.1038/1811199a0 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1038/1811199a0

Bode, S. O., & Oyedapo, O. O. (2011). Biological activities and phytoconstituents of the lower plant Platycerium angolense Welw Ex Hook. Journal of Medicinal Plants Research, 5(8), 1321-1329.

Buege, J. A., & Aust, S. D. (1978). Microsomal lipid peroxidation. Methods in Enzymology, 52, 302-310. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0076-6879(78)52032-6 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/S0076-6879(78)52032-6

Gamaan, M. A., Zaky, H. S., & Ahmed, H. I. (2023). Gentamicin-induced nephrotoxicity: A mechanistic approach. Azhar International Journal of Pharmaceutical and Medical Sciences, 3(2), 11-19. https://doi.org/10.21608/aijpms.2023.161755.1167 DOI: https://doi.org/10.21608/aijpms.2023.161755.1167

Gao, C., Liu, C., Chen, Y., Wang, Q., & Hao, Z. (2021). Protective effects of natural products against drug-induced nephrotoxicity: A review in recent years. Food and Chemical Toxicology, 153, 112255. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fct.2021.112255 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fct.2021.112255

Georgiou-Siafis, S. K., & Tsiftsoglou, A. S. (2023). The key role of GSH in keeping the redox balance in mammalian cells: Mechanisms and significance of GSH in detoxification via formation of conjugates. Antioxidants, 12, 1-10. https://doi.org/10.3390/antiox12111953 DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/antiox12111953

Guerreiro, Í., Ferreira-Pêgo, C., Carregosa, D., Santos, C. N., Menezes, R., Fernandes, A. S., & Costa, J. G. (2022). Polyphenols and their metabolites in renal diseases: An overview. Foods, 11(7), 1060. https://doi.org/10.3390/foods11071060 DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/foods11071060

Kazmierczak, E., Magalhães, C. G., & Picada Pereira, R. (2023). Antioxidant property of secondary metabolites from Garcinia genus: A short review. Eclética Química, 48(1), 41-54. https://doi.org/10.26850/1678-4618eqj.v48.1.2023.p41-54 DOI: https://doi.org/10.26850/1678-4618eqj.v48.1.2023.p41-54

Komolafe, I. J., Akinlalu, A. O., Ogunsusi, M., & Oyedapo, O. O. (2016). Protective effects of extract and fraction of root-bark of Garcinia kola (Heckel) on the renal biochemical parameters of gentamicin-induced rats. African Journal of Biochemistry Research, 10(5), 30-37. https://doi.org/10.5897/AJBR2016.0890 DOI: https://doi.org/10.5897/AJBR2016.0890

Kumar, S., Saxena, J., Srivastava, V. K., Kaushik, S., Singh, H., Abo-El-Sooud, K., Abdel-Daim, M. M., Jyoti, A., & Saluja, R. (2022). The interplay of oxidative stress and ROS scavenging: Antioxidants as a therapeutic potential in sepsis. Vaccines (Basel), 10(10), 1-22. https://doi.org/10.3390/vaccines10101575 DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/vaccines10101575

Liu, Y., Wen, F., Yang, H., Bao, L., Zhao, Z., & Zhong, Z. (2022). The preparation and antioxidant activities of three phenyl-acylchitooligosaccharides. Heliyon, 8, 1-9. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.heliyon.2022.e10624 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.heliyon.2022.e10624

Mahi-Birjand, M., Yaghoubi, S., Abdollahpour-Alitappeh, M., Keshtkaran, Z., Bagheri, N., Pirouzi, A., Khatami, M., Sepehr, K. S., Peymani, P., & Karimzadeh, I. (2020). Protective effects of pharmacological agents against aminoglycoside-induced nephrotoxicity: A systematic review. Expert Opinion on Drug Safety, 19(2), 167-186. https://doi.org/10.1080/14740338.2020.1712357 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/14740338.2020.1712357

Misra, H. P., & Fridovich, I. (1972). The role of superoxide anion in the autoxidation of epinephrine and a simple assay for superoxide dismutase. Biochemical Journal, 247(10), 3170-3175. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0021-9258(19)45228-9 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/S0021-9258(19)45228-9

Moron, M. S., Depierre, J. W., & Mannervik, B. (1979). Levels of glutathione, glutathione reductase and glutathione S-transferase activities in rat lung and liver. Biochimica et biophysica acta (BBA)-general subjects, 582(1), 67-78. https://doi.org/10.1016/0304-4165(79)90289-7 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/0304-4165(79)90289-7

Munteanu, I. G., & Apetrei, C. (2021). Analytical methods used in determining antioxidant activity: A review. International Journal of Molecular Sciences, 22(7), 1-30. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms22073380 DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms22073380

Nadeem, R. I., Aboutaleb, A. S., Younis, N. S., & Ahmed, H. I. (2023). Diosmin mitigates gentamicin-induced nephrotoxicity in rats: Insights on miR-21 and -155 expression, Nrf2/HO-1 and p38-MAPK/NF-κB pathways. Toxics, 11(1), 48. https://doi.org/10.3390/toxics11010048 DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/toxics11010048

Ogwu, M. C., Ogwu, H. I., Osawaru, M. E., & Izah, S. C. (2024). Garcinia kola Heckel. (Clusiaceae): An overview of the cultural, medicinal, and dietary significance for sustainability. In S. C. Izah, M. C. Ogwu, & M. Akram (Eds.), Herbal medicine phytochemistry: Applications and trends 2024 (pp. 273–301). Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-43199-9_74 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-43199-9_74

Olagunju, J. A., Oyedapo, O. O., Onasanya, B. A., Oshoba, O. O., Adebayo, O. O., Eweje, O., & Sodehinde, A. B. (2000). Effects of isosaline extract of Tetrapleura tetraptera and Olax subscorpioides on certain biochemical parameters of albino rats. Pharmaceutical Biology (USA), 38, 1-4. https://doi.org/10.1076/1388-0209(200007)3831-SFT187 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1076/1388-0209(200007)3831-SFT187

Oyaizu, M. (1986). Studies on products of browning reaction prepared from glucosamine. Japanese Journal of Nutrition, 44, 307–315. https://doi.org/10.5264/eiyogakuzashi.44.307 DOI: https://doi.org/10.5264/eiyogakuzashi.44.307

Pakfetrat, Z., Janfeshan, S., Masjedi, F., Rafiei, M., & Karimi, Z. (2022). Involvement of oxidative stress and toll-like receptor-4 signaling pathways in gentamicin-induced nephrotoxicity in male Sprague Dawley rats. Drug and Chemical Toxicology, 45(6), 2568-2575. https://doi.org/10.1080/01480545.2021.1977024 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/01480545.2021.1977024

Rabizadeh, F., Mirian, M. S., Doosti, R., Kiani-Anbouhi, R., & Eftekhari, E. (2022). Phytochemical classification of medicinal plants used in the treatment of kidney disease based on traditional Persian medicine. Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine, 1-13. https://doi.org/10.1155/2022/8022599 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1155/2022/8022599

Reddy, K. J., Wang, L., & Gloss, S. P. (1995). Solubility and mobility of copper, zinc and lead in acidic environments. Plant and Soil, 171, 53-58. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00009564 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00009564

Singleton, V. L., Orthofer, R., & Lamuela-Raventos, R. M. (1999). Analysis of total phenols and other oxidation substrates and antioxidants by means of Folin-Ciocalteau reagent. Methods in Enzymology, 299, 152-178. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0076-6879(99)99017-1 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/S0076-6879(99)99017-1

Sinha, A. K. (1972). Colorimetric assay of catalase. Analytical Biochemistry, 47, 389-394. https://doi.org/10.1016/0003-2697(72)90132-7 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/0003-2697(72)90132-7

Stankovic, J. S., Selakovic, D., Mihailovic, V., & Rosic, G. (2020). Antioxidant supplementation in the treatment of neurotoxicity induced by platinum-based chemotherapeutics—A review. International Journal of Molecular Sciences, 21(20), 7753. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms21207753 DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms21207753

Tomşa, A. M., Răchişan, A. L., Pandrea, S. L., Benea, A., Uifălean, A., Parvu, A. E., & Junie, L. M. (2021). Accelerated lipid peroxidation in a rat model of gentamicin nephrotoxicity. Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine, 22(5), 1-18. https://doi.org/10.3892/etm.2021.10652 DOI: https://doi.org/10.3892/etm.2021.10652

Ullah, A., Munir, S., Badshah, S. L., Khan, N., Ghani, L., Poulson, B. G., Emwas, A. H., & Jaremko, M. (2020). Important flavonoids and their role as a therapeutic agent. Molecules, 25(22), 1-39. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules25225243 DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules25225243

Valgimigli, L. (2023). Lipid peroxidation and antioxidant protection. Biomolecules, 13(9), 1-9. https://doi.org/10.3390/biom13091291 DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/biom13091291

Vera, J., Herrera, W., Hermosilla, E., Díaz, M., Parada, J., Seabra, A. B., Tortella, G., Pesenti, H., Ciudad, G., & Rubilar, O. (2023). Antioxidant activity as an indicator of the efficiency of plant extract-mediated synthesis of zinc oxide nanoparticles. Antioxidants (Basel), 12(4), 1-13. https://doi.org/10.3390/antiox12040784 DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/antiox12040784

Zhishen, J., Mengcheng, T., & Jianming, W. (1999). The determination of flavonoid contents in mulberry and their scavenging effect on superoxide radicals. Food Chemistry, 64, 555-559. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0308-8146(98)00102-2 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/S0308-8146(98)00102-2

Downloads

Published

2024-12-30

Issue

Vol. 3 No. 4 (2024)

Section

Articles

License

Creative Commons License

This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.

UMYU Scientifica recognizes the importance of protecting authors’ intellectual property while promoting the free exchange of scientific knowledge. The journal adopts a copyright-retention model that empowers authors to maintain ownership of their work while granting the journal rights necessary for publication and dissemination.

1. Copyright Ownership

Authors publishing with UMYU Scientifica retain full copyright and publishing rights to their work. By submitting a manuscript, authors agree to grant the journal a non-exclusive license to publish, reproduce, distribute, and archive the article in all forms and media for the purpose of scholarly communication.

2. Licensing Terms

All articles are published under the Creative Commons Attribution–NonCommercial (CC BY-NC) license.
This license permits others to:

  • Share - copy and redistribute the material in any medium or format.
  • Adapt - remix, transform, and build upon the material.
  • For non-commercial purposes only, provided that proper credit is given to the original author(s) and UMYU Scientifica as the source, a link to the license is provided, and any modifications are clearly indicated.

Commercial reuse or distribution of the content requires written permission from both the author and the editorial office.

3. Author Rights

Authors are free to:

  • Deposit all versions of their manuscript (preprint, accepted version, and published version) in institutional, disciplinary, or public repositories without embargo.
  • Use and distribute their published article for non-commercial scholarly purposes, including teaching, conference presentations, and research sharing.
  • Include their work in future books, theses, or compilations, provided proper citation to the journal is made.

4. Publisher’s Rights

Upon publication, UMYU Scientifica retains the right to:

  • Host, index, and disseminate the article through the journal’s website and partner databases.
  • Archive the content in long-term preservation systems such as the PKP Preservation Network (PKP-PN) and the Umaru Musa Yar’adua University Institutional Repository.

5. Attribution and Citation

Users must give appropriate credit to the author(s), include a link to the article’s DOI or the journal webpage, and indicate if changes were made. Proper citation is required whenever the work is reused or referenced.

6. License Reference

For detailed terms of use, please refer to the Creative Commons Attribution–NonCommercial 4.0 International License (CC BY-NC 4.0):
https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/

How to Cite

Komolafe, I. J., Fajobi, A. O., Dare, C. A., Morakinyo, A. E., Adekola, M. B., Odekanyin, O. O., & Oyedapo, O. O. (2024). Antioxidant Potentials and Nephroprotective Effects of Methanol Extract and Dichloromethane Fraction of Root Bark of Garcinia kola (Heckel) on Gentamicin-Induced Nephrotoxic Rats. UMYU Scientifica, 3(4), 345-354. https://doi.org/10.56919/usci.2434.029