Histopathological and Oxidative Stress Responses of the African Catfish Clarias gariepinus in Heavy Metal Contaminated Water from the Hadejia-Nguru
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.56919/usci.1222.010Keywords:
Antioxidants, Clariid fish, Contaminants, Freshwater wetlands, ToxicityAbstract
Hadejia-Nguru Wetland is a source of drinking water, agriculture, natural fertilization of fields, fishing and transportation. Effluents from agricultural activities, sewage, and chemical use enter this water body. This study investigated the levels of several heavy metals (Hg, Pb, Cd, Cr, and Al) in Clarias gariepinus tissues (gills, liver, muscle) collected from five sampling sites labeled A–E. Histopathological examination and the presence of antioxidant enzymes revealed the degree of tissue damage and stress in fish. The results for heavy metals show concentrations in the order Pb>Cr>Hg>Al>Cd, which are higher than the maximum residue limits recommended by FAO and WHO. Superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), malondialdehyde (MDA), and reduced glutathione activities were observed at high concentrations in gills, liver, and muscle in comparison to the control fish. The highest SOD concentration was detected in the liver, with an average concentration of 32.43±2.05Ug-1 tissue, followed by a concentration of 12.35±2.10 Units g-1 in the gills, and CAT concentration with a highest concentration of 14.92±2.81Ug-1 in the liver. , MDA was highest in gills at a concentration of 9.06±0.01 μmin-1g-1, and there was no significant difference between MDA concentrations in liver and other organs (P < 0.05). GSH levels were highest in gills at a concentration of 1016.64±0.54 μmin-1g-1 and there was a significant difference (P < 0.05) in GSH concentrations in gills compared with other organs. Histopathology showed different detrimental effects in gill filaments, hepatocytes, and Bowman's spaces in liver and muscle cells, respectively. The presence of metal toxicity, antioxidant enzymes, and tissue damage in fish is an indication of contamination and serves as a bio surveillance model for the safety of freshwater organisms.
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