Dealing with Misconduct

All forms of misconduct, including plagiarism, data falsification, duplicate publication, and unethical research, are investigated in line with COPE guidelines. Confirmed cases may result in rejection, retraction, institutional notification, or submission bans.

Retraction and Correction Policy

1. Grounds for Retraction

Retractions may occur due to plagiarism, fabrication, duplicate publication, serious errors, undisclosed conflicts of interest, or ethical/legal violations.

2. Retraction Notices

Retraction notices are published, linked to the original article, and remain permanently accessible.

3. Corrections and Errata

Minor errors are corrected through errata or addenda.

4. Expressions of Concern

Issued when investigations are ongoing or inconclusive.

5. Transparency and Record Maintenance

All notices are permanent, openly accessible, and linked via DOI metadata.