Role of Human Pappillomavirus and Cervical Cancer in Developing Countries: A Current Trend in Africa
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.47430/ujmr.1832.010Keywords:
Africa, Cancer, Challenges, Screening, Treatment, Virus, WomenAbstract
Cervical cancer is a relatively rare disease in countries that have instituted and maintained national screening programs, with call and recall of women at various intervals and built-in quality control with appropriate monitoring and evaluation. Unfortunately, this process has failed in most areas of the world where more than 80% of new cases of cervical cancer are diagnosed. Cervical cancer is the fourth most common cancer affecting women, with worldwide annual incidence and mortality rates of 528,000 and 266,000, respectively. It is well established that cervical cancer is predominantly caused by a persistent human papillomavirus (HPV) infection of cervical cells. Increasing numbers of studies have investigated HPV and cervical cancer, contributing greatly to the global knowledge and unraveling some of the critical questions regarding HPV transmission, infection, and prevention. Treatment of cervical cancer in Africa is hampered by the lack of diagnostic and treatment facilities, lack of healthcare infrastructure, and poor pathology services. Furthermore, there is a significant brain drain of trained healthcare workers in Africa that exacerbates the problem. Cancer is becoming an increasingly important public health problem as more people live longer. It is time to develop programs for the prevention, early detection, treatment, and palliation of cancer sufferers in Africa. Therefore, this review describes the current status of HPV in developing countries, presenting some of the existing challenges in implementing cervical screening and HPV vaccination programs.
References
American Cancer Society. (2014). Cancer facts & figures 2014. American Cancer Society.
Andrus, J. K., Sherris, F., & Fitzsimmons, J. W. (2008). Introduction of human papillomavirus vaccines into developing countries – international strategies for funding and procurement. Vaccine, 26(10), 87–92. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.vaccine.2008.05.003
Anorlu, R. I., Orakwue, C. O., & Oyeneyin, L. (2004). Late presentation of cervical cancer in Lagos. European Journal of Gynaecological Oncology, 25(6), 729–732.
Anorlu, R. I., Rabiu, K. A., & Abudu, O. O. (2007). Cervical cancer screening practices among general practitioners in Lagos, Nigeria. Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, 27(2), 181–184. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/01443610601124398
Arrossi, S., Paolino, M., & Sankaranarayanan, R. (2010). Challenges faced by cervical cancer prevention programs in developing countries: A situational analysis of program organization in Argentina. Pan American Journal of Public Health, 2, 1-10. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1590/S1020-49892010001000003
Auvert, B., Sobngwi-Tambekou, J., Cutler, E., Nieuwoudt, M., Lissouba, P., Puren, A., & Taljaard, D. (2009). Effect of male circumcision on the prevalence of high-risk human papillomavirus in young men: Results of a randomized controlled trial conducted in Orange Farm, South Africa. Journal of Infectious Diseases, 199(1), 14-19. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1086/595566
Botha, M. H., van der Merwe, F. H., Snyman, L. C., & Dreyer, G. (2015). The Vaccine and Cervical Cancer Screen (VACCS) project: Acceptance of human papillomavirus vaccination in a school-based programme in two provinces of South Africa. South African Medical Journal, 105(1), 40-43. DOI: https://doi.org/10.7196/SAMJ.8419
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. (2012). Human papillomavirus-associated cancers. United States, 2004-2008. Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report, 61(15), 258-261.
Chesson, H. W., Dunne, E. F., Hariri, S., & Markowitz, L. E. (2014). The estimated lifetime probability of acquiring human papillomavirus in the United States. Sexually Transmitted Diseases, 41(11), 660-664. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1097/OLQ.0000000000000193
Chirenje, Z. M., Rusakaniko, S., & Kirumbi, L. (2001). Situation analysis for cervical cancer diagnosis and treatment in east, central and southern African countries. Bulletin of the World Health Organization, 79, 127–132.
Denny, L., Quinn, M., & Sankaranarayanan, R. (2006). Screening for cervical cancer in developing countries. Male circumcision, religion, and infectious diseases: An ecologic analysis of 118 developing countries. International Journal of Gynecology & Obstetrics, 24(3), 71–77. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.vaccine.2006.05.121
Denny, L., & Anorlu, R. (2009). Cervical cancer in Africa. Cancer Epidemiology, Biomarkers & Prevention, 21(9), 1434-1438. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1158/1055-9965.EPI-12-0334
Ferlay, J., Soerjomataram, I., Ervik, M., Dikshit, R., Eser, S., Mathers, C., Rebelo, M., Parkin, D. M., Forman, D., & Bray, F. (2014). Cancer incidence and mortality worldwide: IARC CancerBase No. 11. International Agency for Research on Cancer.
Gichangi, P., Estamble, B., & Bwayo, J. (2003). Knowledge and practice about cervical cancer and Pap smear testing among patients at Kenyatta National Hospital, Nairobi, Kenya. International Journal of Gynecological Cancer, 13, 827–833. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1136/ijgc-00009577-200311000-00014
Haesebaert, J., Luntringer-Magnin, D., Kalecinski, J., Barone, G., Jacquard, A. C., & Régnier, V. (2012). French women’s knowledge of and attitudes toward cervical cancer prevention and the acceptability of HPV vaccination among those with 14–18 year old daughters: A quantitative-qualitative study. BMC Public Health, 12, 1034. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186/1471-2458-12-1034
Ibrahim, A., Rasch, V., Pukkala, E., & Aro, A. R. (2011). Predictors of cervical cancer being at an advanced stage of diagnosis in Sudan. International Journal of Women's Health, 3, 385–389. DOI: https://doi.org/10.2147/IJWH.S21063
Iliyasu, Z., Abubakar, I. S., Aliyu, M. H., & Galadanci, H. S. (2010). Cervical cancer risk perception and predictors of human papilloma virus vaccine acceptance among female university students in northern Nigeria. Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, 30(8), 857-862. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3109/01443615.2010.511724
Isa, A. I., Gani, O. I., & Kalada, M. (2013). Cervical cancer screening among female undergraduates and staff in the Niger Delta region of Nigeria. Open Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology, 3, 61-66. DOI: https://doi.org/10.4236/ojog.2013.31014
Jemal, A., Bray, F., Center, M. M., Ferlay, J., Ward, E., & Forman, D. (2011). Global cancer statistics. CA: A Cancer Journal for Clinicians, 61(2), 69–90. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3322/caac.20107
Louie, K., Sanjose, S., & Mayaud, P. (2009). Epidemiology and prevention of human papillomavirus and cervical cancer in sub-Saharan Africa: A comprehensive review. Tropical Medicine & International Health, 14(10), 1287-1302. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-3156.2009.02372.x
Manga, M. M., Adeola, F., Yusuf, M. A., Aliyu, U. F., & Abimbola, O. O. (2015). Epidemiological patterns of cervical human papillomavirus infection among women presenting for cervical cancer screening in North-eastern Nigeria. Infectious Agents and Cancer, 10, 39. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186/s13027-015-0035-8
Parkin, D. M., Ferlay, J., & Hamdi-Cherif, M. (2008). Cancer in indigenous Africans – burden, distribution, and trends. The Lancet Oncology, 9, 683–692. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/S1470-2045(08)70175-X
Richter, K. L., Dreyer, G., Lindeque, B. G., & Botha, M. H. (2014). HPV vaccine: Can we afford to hesitate? South African Medical Journal, 104(8), 522-523. DOI: https://doi.org/10.7196/SAMJ.8449
Rijkaart, D. C., Heideman, D. A., Coupe, V. M., Brink, A. A., Verheijen, H., & Skomedal, H. (2012). Value of high-risk human papillomavirus (hrHPV) E6/E7 mRNA testing by PreTect HPV-Proofer to detect cervical high-grade intraepithelial neoplasia and cancer among hrHPV DNA-positive women with normal cytology. Journal of Clinical Microbiology, 50(2), 1-12. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1128/JCM.06587-11
Saeed, F. A., Ali, S. A., Abdurrahman, S. A., & Mohammed, N. A. (2017). Human papillomavirus: The cervical cancer saga in developing countries. Journal of Infection in Developing Countries, 11(11), 819-825. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3855/jidc.9704
Satterwhite, C. L., Torrone, E., & Meites, E. (2013). Sexually transmitted infections among US women and men: Prevalence and incidence estimates. Sexually Transmitted Diseases, 40(3), 187-193. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1097/OLQ.0b013e318286bb53
Sauvaget, C., Fayette, J. M., Muwonge, R., Wesley, R., & Sankaranarayanan, R. (2011). Accuracy of visual inspection with acetic acid for cervical cancer screening. International Journal of Gynecology & Obstetrics, 113, 14–24. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijgo.2010.10.012
Schweizer, J., Lu, P. S., Mahoney, C. W., Berard-Bergery, M., Ho, M., & Ramasamy, V. (2010). Feasibility study of a human papillomavirus E6 oncoprotein test for diagnosis of cervical precancer and cancer. Journal of Clinical Microbiology, 48, 4646–4688. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1128/JCM.01315-10
Skomedal, H. (2012). Value of high-risk human papillomavirus (hrHPV) E6/E7 mRNA testing by PreTect HPV-Proofer to detect cervical high-grade intraepithelial neoplasia and cancer among hrHPV DNA-positive women with normal cytology. Journal of Clinical Microbiology, 10(2), 177-193.
Thomas, J., Herrero, R., Omigbodun, A., Ojemakinde, K., Ajayi, I., Fawole, A., Oladepo, O., & Smith, J. (2004). Prevalence of papillomavirus infection in women in Ibadan, Nigeria: A population-based study. British Journal of Cancer, 90, 638-645. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1038/sj.bjc.6601515
World Health Organization. (2014). Human papillomavirus vaccines: WHO position paper. Weekly Epidemiological Record, 89(43), 465-492.
Downloads
Published
Issue
Section
License
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.
