Acute Toxicity (LD50) of Petroleum Ether, Ethanolic and Aqueous Stem Bark Extracts of Adansonia digitata on Albino Wister Rat
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.47430/ujmr.1611.008Keywords:
Acute toxicity, lethal dose, Adansonia digitata, ExtractsAbstract
Adansonia digitata Linn. Commonly known as “Baobab” is a deciduous tree and belongs to the plant family called Bombacacea. The tree is mostly known for its exceptional height and may live for several hundred years. The bark tends to be smooth, ranging in colour from reddish brown to grey, being rough and wrinkly like elephant skin. Acute toxicity of petroleum ether, ethanolic and aqueous extract of stem bark of Adansonia digitata was carried out using albino Wister rat as animal models. This study was conducted to determine the acute toxicity level of the crude extracts using Albino Wister rats. The study was conducted in two phases. In phase I, three groups of three rats (3 per group) with weight range of 100 – 120g were administered with respective oral doses of 10 mg/kg, 100 mg/kg and 1000 mg/kg body weight of each extract. While the control groups were administered normal saline. These were observed 24 hrs and up to a period of 2 weeks. In second phase II, the dosage of each extract was increased to 1600 mg, 2900 mg and 5000 mg/kg body weight respectively for another three groups of one rat (1 per group). The control groups were administered normal saline. These were equally observed for toxicity signs namely salivation, brushing of the nose on the floor, isolation, weakness, sleeping, coma and possible deaths. The result shows that throughout the 2 weeks period, no mortality was observed in any of the test animal groups up to the highest dose of the extract tested. It is therefore concluded that administration of Adansonia digitata stem bark extract in rat may be safe up to a dose of 5000 mg/kg body weight. This may serve as a baseline data value for the development of ethnopharmacologically active substances with potential to be used as modern medicine.
References
Apu, A. S., Muhit, M. A., Tareq, S. M., Basak, D., & Islam, M. S. (2010). Isolation and identification of compounds from the leaf extract of Dillenia indica Linn. Bangladesh Pharmaceutical Journal, 13(1), 49-53.
Ashafa, A. O. T., Orekoya, L. O., & Yakubu, M. T. (2012). Toxicity profile of ethanolic extract of Azadirachta indica stem bark in male Wistar rats. Asian Pacific Journal of Tropical Biomedicine, 813-817.
Betoni, J. E. C., Mantovani, R. P., Barbose, L. N., Di Stasi, L. C., & Junior, A. F. (2006). Synergism between plant extract and antimicrobial drugs used on Staphylococcus aureus disease. Memorias do Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, 101(4), 387-390.
Cowan, M. M. (1999). Plant products as antimicrobial agents. Clinical Microbiology Reviews, 12(4), 564-582.
Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations. (1988). Traditional food plants (FAO Food and Nutrition Paper No. 42). Rome, Italy.
Gebauer, J., El-Siddig, K., & Ebert, G. (2002). Baobab (Adansonia digitata L.): a review on a multipurpose tree with promising future in the Sudan. Gartenbauwissenschaft, 67(4), 155-160.
Hodge, A., & Sterner, B. (2005). Toxicity classes. In Canadian Centre for Occupational Health and Safety. A new approach to tropical acute toxicity testing. Archives of Toxicology, 53, 275-287.
Hood, R. D. (2009). The importance of toxicity threshold for biomonitoring. University of Albana. Retrieved June 22, 2013, from www.alb.ac.ke
Igboeldi, L. C., Addy, E. O. H., & Salami, L. I. (1997). Effects of some processing techniques on the antinutrient contents of baobab seeds (Adansonia digitata). Bioresource Technology, 59(1), 29–31.
Kamatou, G. P. P., Vermaak, I., & Viljoen, A. M. (2011). An updated review of Adansonia digitata: A commercially important African tree. South African Journal of Botany, 77, 908-919.
Kristensen, M., & Lykke, A. M. (2003). Informant-based valuations of use and conservation preferences of savanna trees in Burkina Faso. Economic Botany, 57(2), 203-217.
Kubmarawa, D., Ajoku, G. A., Enwerem, N. M., & Okorie, D. A. (2007). Preliminary phytochemical and antimicrobial screening of 50 medicinal plants from Nigeria. African Journal of Biotechnology, 6, 1690-1696.
Kokwaro, J. O. (2009). Medicinal plants of East Africa (3rd ed.). Nairobi University Press.
Lorke, D. (1983). A new approach to tropical acute toxicity testing. Archives of Toxicology, 53, 275–287.
Musila, M. F., Dossaji, S. F., Nguta, J. M., Lukhoba, C. W., & Munyao, J. M. (2013). In vivo antimalarial activity, toxicity and phytochemical screening of selected antimalarial plants. Journal of Ethnopharmacology, 146, 557-561.
Mukhtar, M. D., & Okafor, T. (2002). Antibacterial activity of ethanolic extract of Guiera senegalensis. International Journal of Pharmacology, 56, 215-219.
Nguta, J. M., Mbaria, J. M., Gakuya, D. W., Gathumbi, P. K., Kabasa, J. D., & Kiama, S. G. (2011). Biological screening of Kenya medicinal plants using Artemia salina L. (Artemiidae). Pharmacology Online, 2, 458-478.
Raffi, K., & Mark, S. (2009). Plant poisoning, glycosides-cardiac. Continually Updated Clinical Reference. Retrieved March 21, 2010, from http://www.answers.com/topic/glycosides
Senin, R. (2006). Acute toxicity study. Retrieved March 27, 2010, from http://www.ccohs.ca/oshanswers/chemicals/Id50.html
Shukla, Y. N., Dubey, S., Jain, S. P., & Kumar, S. (2001). Chemistry, biology and uses of Adansonia digitata - a review. Journal of Medicinal and Aromatic Plant Sciences, 23, 429-434.
Sidibe, M., & Williams, J. T. (2002). Baobab: Adansonia digitata L. International Centre for Underutilised Crops.
Singh, B., & Bhat, T. K. (2003). Potential therapeutic application of some antinutritional plant secondary metabolites. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, 51, 5579-5597.
Tailang, M., & Sharma, A. K. (2009). Phytochemistry (theory and practicals). Birla Publications.
Venter, F., & Venter, J. (1996). Baobab: Making the most of indigenous trees. Briza Publications.
Yusha’u, M., Hamza, M. M., & Abdullah, N. (2010). Antibacterial activity of Adansonia digitata stem bark extracts on some clinical bacterial isolates. International Journal of Biomedical and Health Sciences, 6(3), 129-135.
Downloads
Published
Issue
Section
License
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.
