Black Soldier Fly Larvae Frass in the Bioeconomy: Properties, Applications, and Research Gaps- A Narrative Review
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.47430/ujmr.26111.016Keywords:
Black Soldier Fly (Hermetia illucens), Insect frass, Biofertilizer, Circular bioeconomy, Soil fertility,, Sustainable agricultureAbstract
The circular bioeconomy, which turns organic waste into useful resources, has noticed an increase in the value of insect byproducts. Frass from Hermetia illucens, the Black Soldier Fly, is one potential product. BSFL frass is a complex substance made up of various microorganisms, shed exoskeletons, undigested meal remnants, and insect excrement. Because of its unique composition, it can serve as a biostimulant and nutrient source, making it well-suited for sustainable soil fertility management. According to research, Frass stimulates nutrient cycling, improves soil stability and structure, increases microbial activity, and encourages plant growth. By lowering greenhouse gas emissions, reducing dependency on synthetic fertilizers, and promoting effective waste-to-resource systems in agro-industrial contexts, it enhances environmental sustainability and agronomic benefits. Its efficacy in sustainable agriculture is further enhanced by creative methods such as mixing Frass with compost, charcoal, or microbial inoculants. But there are still difficulties. Frass quality can vary due to differences in processing techniques, larval rearing circumstances, and substrate inputs. Broader adoption is further constrained by potential hazards from pollutants and infections, as well as regulatory concerns. Large-scale field validation, techno-economic evaluations, and harmonized international safety and quality standards are important research needs. All things considered, BSFL frass is a promising instrument for climate-smart circular food systems and nutrient recycling.
References
Abd El-Hack, M. E., Shafi, M. E., Alghamdi, W. Y., Abdelnour, S. A., Shehata, A. M., Noreldin, A. E., ... & Ragni, M. (2020). Black soldier fly (Hermetia illucens) meal as a promising feed ingredient for poultry: A comprehensive review. Agriculture, 10(8), 339. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/agriculture10080339
Adams, D. S., & Koutsos, E. A. (2024). Applied research note: black soldier fly larvae frass is an effective feed ingredient for broiler diets. Journal of Applied Poultry Research, 33(4), 100493. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.japr.2024.100493
Addeo, N. F., Scivicco, M., Vozzo, S., Bovera, F., Asiry, K. A., Alqurashi, S., ... & Severino, L. (2024). Mineral profile and heavy metals bioaccumulation in black soldier fly (Hermetia illucens, L.) larvae and Frass across diverse organic substrates. Italian Journal of Animal Science, 23(1), 179-188 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/1828051X.2024.2302845
Agustiyani, D., Agandi, R., Arinafril, Nugroho, A. A., & Antonius, S. (2021, May). The effect of application of compost and frass from Black Soldier Fly Larvae (Hermetia illucens L.) on growth of Pakchoi (Brassica rapa L.). In IOP conference series: earth and environmental science (Vol. 762, No. 1, p. 012036). IOP Publishing. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/762/1/012036
Antoniadis, V., Molla, A., Grammenou, A., Apostolidis, V., Athanassiou, C. G., Rumbos, C. I., & Levizou, E. (2023). Insect frass as a novel organic soil fertilizer for the cultivation of spinach (Spinacia oleracea): effects on soil properties, plant physiological parameters, and nutrient status. Journal of Soil Science and Plant Nutrition, 23(4), 5935-5944. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s42729-023-01451-9
Arabzadeh, G., Delisle-Houde, M., Tweddell, R. J., Deschamps, M. H., Dorais, M., Lebeuf, Y., ... & Vandenberg, G. (2022). Diet composition influences growth performance, bioconversion of black soldier fly larvae: agronomic value and in vitro biofungicidal activity of derived Frass. Agronomy, 12(8), 1765. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy12081765
Ashworth, A. J., Amorim, H. C. S., Drescher, G. L., Moore Jr, P. A., Rojas, M. G., Morales-Ramos, J., & Donoghue, A. M. (2025). Insect frass fertilizer as soil amendment for improved forage and soil health in circular systems. Scientific Reports, 15(1), 3024. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-025-87075-8
Asiry, K. A., Attia, Y. A., Bovera, F., Addeo, N. F., Al-Ghamdi, A. G., Alqurashi, S. I., ... & Alrefaei, M. S. (2026). Substrate and stage effects on growth, composition, frass traits, and economic efficiency in black soldier fly (Hermetia illucens). Bulletin of Entomological Research, 1-16. DOI: DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/S0007485326100777
Athanassiou, C. G., & Rumbos, C. I. (2025). Frass and furious: Unfolding the potential of insect frass as soil fertilizer. Agrochemicals, 4(1), 1. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/agrochemicals4010001
Attiogbe, F. K., Ayim, N. Y. K., & Martey, J. (2019). Effectiveness of black soldier fly larvae in composting mercury contaminated organic waste. Scientific African, 6, e00205. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sciaf.2019.e00205
Ayompe, L. M., Masso, C., Epie, W. N., Crook, E. D., & Egoh, B. N. (2025). Insect-based organic waste management: a sustainable pathway to enhanced ecosystem services and food security. Frontiers in Sustainability, 6, 1620925. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3389/frsus.2025.1620925
Basri, N. E. A., Azman, N. A., Ahmad, I. K., Suja, F., Jalil, N. A. A., & Amrul, N. F. (2022). Potential applications of Frass derived from black soldier fly larvae treatment of food waste: A review. Foods, 11(17), 2664. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/foods11172664
Basri, N. E. A., Azman, N. A., Ahmad, I. K., Suja, F., Jalil, N. A. A., & Partonoor, M. A. M. (2022). Comparison of black soldier fly larvae (BSFL) growth and frass production fed with fermented food waste, coconut dregs and cow manure. Mathematical Statistician and Engineering Applications, 71(4), 1201-1209.
Beesigamukama, D., Mochoge, B., Korir, N. K., Fiaboe, K. K., Nakimbugwe, D., Khamis, F. M., ... & Tanga, C. M. (2020). Exploring black soldier fly Frass as novel fertilizer for improved growth, yield, and nitrogen use efficiency of maize under field conditions. Frontiers in Plant Science, 11, 574592. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3389/fpls.2020.574592
Beesigamukama, D., Mochoge, B., Korir, N., Ghemoh, C. J., Subramanian, S., & Tanga, C. M. (2021). In situ nitrogen mineralization and nutrient release by soil amended with black soldier fly frass fertilizer. Scientific Reports, 11(1), 14799. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-021-94269-3
Boakye-Yiadom, K. A., Ilari, A., & Duca, D. (2022). Greenhouse gas emissions and life cycle assessment on the black soldier fly (Hermetia illucens L.). Sustainability, 14(16), 10456. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/su141610456
Boudabbous, K., Hammami, S. B., Toukabri, W., Bouhaouel, I., Ayed, S., Fraihi, W., ... & Labidi, S. (2023). Black soldier fly (Hermetia illucens) larvae frass organic fertilizer improves soil quality and the productivity of durum wheat. Communications in Soil Science and Plant Analysis, 54(18), 2491-2507. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/00103624.2023.2227208
Cao, Y., Wu, N., Shi, L., Xu, X., & Wang, X. (2025). Effects of nitrogen fertilizer replacement with different sourced-black soldier fly Frass on rice growth, physiological characteristics and soil properties. Applied Soil Ecology, 208, 105975. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apsoil.2025.105975
Carroll, A., Fitzpatrick, M., & Hodge, S. (2023). The effects of two organic soil amendments, biochar and insect frass fertilizer, on shoot growth of cereal seedlings. Plants, 12(5), 1071. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/plants12051071
Carus, M., & Dammer, L. (2018). The circular bioeconomy—concepts, opportunities, and limitations. Industrial biotechnology, 14(2), 83-91. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1089/ind.2018.29121.mca
Chavez, Maria. "The sustainability of industrial insect mass rearing for food and feed production: zero waste goals through by-product utilization." Current Opinion in Insect Science 48 (2021): 44-49. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cois.2021.09.003
Chia, S. Y., Tanga, C. M., van Loon, J. J., & Dicke, M. (2019). Insects for sustainable animal feed: inclusive business models involving smallholder farmers. Current Opinion in Environmental Sustainability, 41, 23-30. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cosust.2019.09.003
Chiam, Z., Lee, J. T. E., Tan, J. K. N., Song, S., Arora, S., Tong, Y. W., & Tan, H. T. W. (2021). Evaluating the potential of okara-derived black soldier fly larval Frass as a soil amendment. Journal of Environmental Management, 286, 112163 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvman.2021.112163
Elissen, H., van der Weide, R., & Gollenbeek, L. (2023). Effects of black soldier fly Frass on plant and soil characteristics: a literature overview (pp. 1-23). Wageningen, The Netherlands: Wageningen Plant Research.
Esteves, C., Fareleira, P., Castelo-Branco, M.A., Lopes, I.G., Mota, M., Murta, D., & Menino, R. (2022). Black soldier fly larvae Frass increases the soil’s residual nutrient content and enzymatic activity – a lettuce production trial. Journal of Insects as Food and Feed, 8(12), 1431-1440. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3920/JIFF2022.0005
FAO. (2021). The state of the world's land and water resources for food and agriculture (SOLAW 2021). Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations. https://openknowledge.fao.org/handle/20.500.14283/cb7994en
Francioni, M., Marini, E., De Bernardi, A., D'Ottavio, P., Ilari, A., Pedretti, E. F., ... & Deligios, P. A. (2025). Co‐presence of black soldier fly Frass, soil‐biodegradable mulch films, and earthworms: Effects on film biodegradation, ecotoxicity, and microbial community. Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture, 105(14), 8094-8107. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1002/jsfa.70064
Gärttling, D., & Schulz, H. (2022). Compilation of black soldier fly frass analyses. Journal of Soil Science and Plant Nutrition, 22(1), 937-943. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s42729-021-00703-w
Gebremikael, M. T., Wickeren, N. V., Hosseini, P. S., & De Neve, S. (2022). The impacts of black soldier fly Frass on nitrogen availability, microbial activities, C sequestration, and plant growth. Frontiers in Sustainable Food Systems, 6, 795950. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3389/fsufs.2022.795950
Godlewska, P., Schmidt, H. P., Ok, Y. S., & Oleszczuk, P. (2017). Biochar for composting improvement and contaminants reduction. A review. Bioresource technology, 246, 193-202. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biortech.2017.07.095
Gold, M., Cassar, C. M., Zurbrügg, C., Kreuzer, M., Boulos, S., Diener, S., & Mathys, A. (2020). Biowaste treatment with black soldier fly larvae: Increasing performance through the formulation of biowastes based on protein and carbohydrates. Waste Management, 102, 319-329. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.wasman.2019.10.036
Gurung, S. K., Mickan, B. S., Middleton, J. A., Singh, P. K., Jenkins, S. N., Rengel, Z., ... & Solaiman, Z. M. (2024). Manure-derived black soldier fly Frass enhanced the growth of chilli plants (Capsicum annuum L.) and altered rhizosphere bacterial community. Applied Soil Ecology, 202, 105605. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apsoil.2024.105605
Hamam, M., D’Amico, M., & Di Vita, G. (2024). Advances in the insect industry within a circular bioeconomy context: a research agenda. Environmental Sciences Europe, 36(1), 29. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186/s12302-024-00861-5
Hancz, C., Sultana, S., Nagy, Z., & Biró, J. (2024). The role of insects in sustainable animal feed production for environmentally friendly agriculture: a review. Animals, 14(7), 1009. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/ani14071009
Hénault-Ethier, L., Quinche, M., Reid, B., Hotte, N., Fortin, A., Normandin, É., ... & Vandenberg, G. (2024). Opportunities and challenges in upcycling agri-food byproducts to generate insect manure (Frass): A literature review. Waste Management, 176, 169-191. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.wasman.2023.12.033
Hénault-Ethier, L., Reid, B., Hotte, N., Paris, N., Quinche, M., Lachance, C., ... & Vandenberg, G. (2023). Growth trials on vegetables, herbs, and flowers using mealworm frass, chicken manure, and municipal compost. ACS Agricultural Science & Technology, 3(3), 249-259. https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/acsagscitech.2c00217. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1021/acsagscitech.2c00217
Houben, D., Daoulas, G., Faucon, M. P., & Dulaurent, A. M. (2020). Potential use of mealworm frass as a fertilizer: Impact on crop growth and soil properties. Scientific Reports, 10(1), 4659. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-020-61765-x
Jasso, B., Quinchia, L., Waliczek, T. M., & Drewery, M. L. (2024). Black soldier fly larvae (Hermetia illucens) Frass and sheddings as a compost ingredient. Frontiers in Sustainable Food Systems, 7, 1297858. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3389/fsufs.2023.1297858
Kenchanna, D., Waliczek, T. M., & Drewery, M. L. (2024). Evaluating Black Soldier Fly (Hermetia illucens) frass and larval sheddings in the production of a quality compost. Fermentation, 10(12), 613. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/fermentation10120613
Klammsteiner, T., Turan, V., Fernández-Delgado Juárez, M., Oberegger, S., & Insam, H. (2020). Suitability of black soldier fly Frass as soil amendment and implication for organic waste hygienization. Agronomy, 10(10), 1578. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy10101578
Kreft, D., Hurka, S., Gurusinga, F. F., Röthig, T., Vilcinskas, A., & Tegtmeier, D. (2026). Towards Functional Fertilizers: Feed Composition Shapes Microbial Community Structure and Viability in Black Soldier Fly (Hermetia illucens) Frass. Environmental Microbiology, 28(2), e70249. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/1462-2920.70249
Kumar, A., Singh, A., & Kumari, K. (2025). Analyzing the Agronomic, Environmental, and Techno-Economic Benefits of BSF Farming. Waste and Biomass Valorization, 1-30. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12649-025-03388-9
Lai, R. W., Yeung, K. W., Yung, M. M., Djurišić, A. B., Giesy, J. P., & Leung, K. M. (2018). Regulation of engineered nanomaterials: current challenges, insights and future directions. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 25(4), 3060-3077. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-017-9489-0
Lalander, C. D. S. Z., Diener, S., Zurbrügg, C., & Vinnerås, B. (2019). Effects of feedstock on larval development and process efficiency in waste treatment with black soldier fly (Hermetia illucens). Journal of cleaner production, 208, 211-219. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2018.10.017
Lalander, C., Diener, S., Magri, M. E., Zurbrügg, C., Lindström, A., & Vinnerås, B. (2013). Faecal sludge management with the larvae of the black soldier fly (Hermetia illucens)—From a hygiene aspect. Science of the Total Environment, 458, 312-318. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2013.04.033
Lin, Y., Ye, G., Kuzyakov, Y., Liu, D., Fan, J., & Ding, W. (2019). Long-term manure application increases soil organic matter and aggregation, and alters microbial community structure and keystone taxa. Soil Biology and Biochemistry, 134, 187-196. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.soilbio.2019.03.030
Lopes, I. G., Yong, J. W., & Lalander, C. (2022). Frass derived from black soldier fly larvae treatment of biodegradable wastes. A critical review and future perspectives. Waste Management, 142, 65-76. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.wasman.2022.02.007
Macusi, E. D., Sales, A. C., Jimenez, J. E. M., Vender, E. K. E., Bongas, H. P., Macusi, E. S., & Andam, M. B. (2025). Assessment of Indigenous Feed Ingredients on Growth and Feed Utilization Efficiency in Juvenile Milkfish (Chanos chanos Forsskål, 1775). Israeli Journal of Aquaculture-Bamidgeh, 77(2), 231-244. DOI: https://doi.org/10.46989/001c.138435
Meneguz, M., Schiavone, A., Gai, F., Dama, A., Lussiana, C., Renna, M., & Gasco, L. (2018). Effect of rearing substrate on growth performance, waste reduction efficiency and chemical composition of black soldier fly (Hermetia illucens) larvae. Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture, 98(15), 5776-5784. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1002/jsfa.9127
Menino, R. M., Fernandes, J. P., Coutinho, J., Brito, L. M., Nogueira, C., & Trindade, H. (2021). Black soldier fly Frass as organic fertilizer: Impacts on maize growth and soil properties. Journal of Environmental Management, 290, 112566.
Menino, R., Felizes, F., Castelo-Branco, M. A., Fareleira, P., Moreira, O., Nunes, R., & Murta, D. (2021). Agricultural value of Black Soldier Fly larvae frass as organic fertilizer on ryegrass. Heliyon, 7(1). DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.heliyon.2020.e05855
Mertenat, A., Diener, S., & Zurbrügg, C. (2019). Black Soldier Fly biowaste treatment–Assessment of global warming potential. Waste management, 84, 173-181. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.wasman.2018.11.040
Nieto-Cantero, J., Romero-Gil, M. A., Suárez-Cáceres, G. P., Delgado, A., & Fernández-Cabanás, V. M. (2025). Evaluation of insect farming residue (Frass) as a phosphate fertilizer within the context of the circular economy. Agronomy, 15(9), 2019. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy15092019
Noviana, Z., Agustiyani, D., Dewi, T. K., Nugroho, A. A., Nditasari, A., Sutisna, E., ... & Antonius, S. (2025). Governance of plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria combined with soil amendments of frass-based compost on the dynamic of rhizosphere bacterial community and shallot growth and productivity. Journal of Plant Biology, 68(5), 371-387. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12374-025-09479-3
Parodi, A., Van Dijk, K., Van Loon, J. J., De Boer, I. J., Van Schelt, J., & Van Zanten, H. H. (2020). Black soldier fly larvae show a stronger preference for manure than for a mass‐rearing diet. Journal of Applied Entomology, 144(7), 560-565. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/jen.12768
Poveda, J. (2021). Insect frass in the development of sustainable agriculture. A review: Insect frass in the development of sustainable agriculture. A review. Agronomy for sustainable development, 41(1), 5. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s13593-020-00656-x
Rehman, K. U., Hollah, C., Wiesotzki, K., Rehman, R. U., Rehman, A. U., Zhang, J., ... & Aganovic, K. (2023). Black soldier fly, Hermetia illucens as a potential innovative and environmentally friendly tool for organic waste management: A mini-review. Waste Management & Research, 41(1), 81-97. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/0734242X221105441
Romano, N. (2022). Cardboard supplementation on the growth and nutritional content of black solider fly (Hermetia illucens) larvae and resulting frass. International Journal of Tropical Insect Science, 42(5), 3357-3362. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s42690-022-00831-5
Romano, N., Sinha, A., Powell, A., & Fischer, H. (2023). Mineral composition in black soldier fly (Hermetia illucens) larvae and resulting Frass from fruit and their peels. Journal of Insects as Food and Feed, 9(1), 43-54. DOI 10.3920/JIFF2022.0019 DOI: https://doi.org/10.3920/JIFF2022.0019
Safitri, R. A., Vandeweyer, D., Deruytter, D., Meijer, N., Coudron, C. L., Banach, J. L., & Van der Fels-Klerx, H. J. (2024). Exploring potential uses of insect frass for agricultural production considering its nutrients, and chemical and microbiological safety. Journal of Insects as Food and Feed, 11(17), 167-190. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1163/23524588-00001224
Salomone, R., Saija, G., Mondello, G., Giannetto, A., Fasulo, S., & Savastano, D. (2017). Environmental impact of food waste bioconversion by insects: application of life cycle assessment to process using Hermetia illucens. Journal of Cleaner Production, 140, 890-905. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2016.06.154
Salomon, M. J., Cavagnaro, T. R., & Burton, R. A. (2025). Potential of black soldier fly larvae frass (BSFL) as a novel fertilizer: impacts on tomato growth, nutrient uptake, and mycorrhizal formation. Plant and Soil, 513(1), 417-434. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11104-024-07187-4
Schmitt, E., & de Vries, W. (2020). Potential benefits of using Hermetia illucens frass as a soil amendment on food production and for environmental impact reduction. Current Opinion in Green and Sustainable Chemistry, 25, 100335. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cogsc.2020.03.005
Shahrajabian, M. H., Chaski, C., Polyzos, N., Tzortzakis, N., & Petropoulos, S. A. (2021). Sustainable agriculture systems in vegetable production using chitin and chitosan as plant biostimulants. Biomolecules, 11(6), 819. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/biom11060819
Siddiqui, S. A., Gadge, A. S., Hasan, M., Rahayu, T., Povetkin, S. N., Fernando, I., & Castro-Muñoz, R. (2024). Future opportunities for products derived from black soldier fly (BSF) treatment as animal feed and fertilizer-A systematic review. Environment, Development and Sustainability, 26(12), 30273-30354. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10668-024-04673-8
Smetana, S., Palanisamy, M., Mathys, A., & Heinz, V. (2016). Sustainability of insect use for feed and food: Life Cycle Assessment perspective. Journal of cleaner production, 137, 741-751. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2016.07.148
Solofondranohatra, C. L., Ony, C. A., Burza, S., & Fisher, B. L. (2025). Preliminary field evaluation of black soldier fly Frass as an organic fertilizer on maize (Zea mays L.) growth and yield in southeastern Madagascar. Frontiers in Sustainable Food Systems, 9, 1673188. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3389/fsufs.2025.1673188
Somroo, A. A., ur Rehman, K., Zheng, L., Cai, M., Xiao, X., Hu, S., ... & Zhang, J. (2019). Influence of Lactobacillus buchneri on soybean curd residue co-conversion by black soldier fly larvae (Hermetia illucens) for food and feedstock production. Waste Management, 86, 114-122. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.wasman.2019.01.022
Tan, J. K. N., Lee, J. T. E., Chiam, Z., Song, S., Arora, S., Tong, Y. W., & Tan, H. T. W. (2021). Applications of food waste-derived black soldier fly larval Frass as incorporated compost, side-dress fertilizer and frass-tea drench for soilless cultivation of leafy vegetables in biochar-based growing media. Waste Management, 130, 155-166. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.wasman.2021.05.025
Tanga, C. M., Beesigamukama, D., Kassie, M., Egonyu, P. J., Ghemoh, C. J., Nkoba, K., ... & Ekesi, S. (2022). Performance of black soldier fly frass fertilizer on maize (Zea mays L.) growth, yield, nutritional quality, and economic returns. Journal of Insects as Food and Feed, 8(2), 185-196. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3920/JIFF2021.0012
Terfa, G. N. (2021). Role of black soldier fly (Hermetiaillucens) larvae Frass bio-fertilizer on vegetable growth and sustainable farming in sub-Saharan Africa. Reviews in Agricultural Science, 9, 92-102. DOI: https://doi.org/10.7831/ras.9.0_92
van de Zande, E. M., Wantulla, M., van Loon, J. J., & Dicke, M. (2024). Soil amendment with insect frass and exuviae affects rhizosphere bacterial community, shoot growth and carbon/nitrogen ratio of a brassicaceous plant. Plant and Soil, 495(1), 631-648. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11104-023-06351-6
Wang, X., Ma, Y., Cao, Y., Wang, Q., Wu, N., & Xu, X. (2025). Fertilizing effects of black soldier fly larval frass composts sourced from pig and chicken manure on soil microbial community and maize seedling growth. Journal of Soil Science and Plant Nutrition, 25(1), 27-39. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s42729-024-02075-3
Xia, J., Ge, C., & Yao, H. (2021). Antimicrobial peptides from black soldier fly (Hermetia illucens) as potential antimicrobial factors representing an alternative to antibiotics in livestock farming. Animals, 11(7), 1937 DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/ani11071937
Downloads
Published
Issue
Section
License
Copyright (c) 2026 Alexander Okpokwu Ogabidu, Mary Bernard, Sunday Ayotunde Abe, Markus Gaya Jocthan, Onyeyirichi Esew, Omozee Joy Oshodin, Zinas Lois Clement, Magaji Ewaram Elvanus, Tisereh Sarah Yohanna, Oluwaferanmi Mary Joseph-Emmanuel, Elizabeth Oluwatomisin Ayodele, Christiana Ashibebonye Aluku, Abdulrahman Mohammed, Jibrin Abdulkadir (Author)
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.
