A Review of Norovirus Infection in Africa, its Molecular Characteristics, Epidemiology, and Public Health Challenges
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.47430/ujmr.26111.025Keywords:
Gastroenteritis, Epidemiology, Translation, Proteins, AfricaAbstract
Norovirus is among the leading causes of gastroenteritis, especially in children. Infections of the virus are poorly diagnosed in Africa. This review is aimed at understanding the biological properties, genetic diversities, and public health burden of the virus from an African perspective. Literature was reviewed to extract the context of molecular diversities, viral replication mechanisms, and epidemiological trends across Africa from credible papers. The virus is an RNA virus with the ability to mutate, and this has led to the emergence of new variants. GII.4 remains the most significant genotype that causes human infections. The virus is primarily transmitted via the faecal-oral route through contact with infected people, contaminated food and water, and contaminated surfaces. The viral pathogenesis process includes viral attachment to host receptors, endocytosis, transcription of a new RNA genome, translation of structural proteins, viral assembly and release. This study observed a higher prevalence of the virus in African countries compared to other regions. This is primarily due to poor preventive measures from sanitation and hygiene practices. Enhancing preventive measures of improved sanitation and hygiene practices remains the primary means of preventing norovirus infection until the development of an effective vaccine is achieved.
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